“…A more fundamental problem with nearly all current DFT/AIMD/MD simulations, however, concerns the HA surface speciation of these models, where the prevailing approach is to cleave the stoichiometric HA crystal and preserve its periodicity, ,− ,,− which is tantamount to assuming that the simulated HA surface is present in a solution with pH > 14, i.e., far from physiological conditions. − Moreover, it is nowadays well established that all synthetic/biogenic nanometer-sized HA particles exhibit a core – shell organization, where an ordered core of “apatitic” Ca 2+ , PO 4 3– , and OH – ions is coated by a 1–2 nm thick surface layer of ACP, rich in acidic phosphate (HPO 4 2– ) moieties and water but essentially devoid of isolated (HA-type) hydroxyl groups, ,,− and often termed the “hydrated surface layer”. ,, Hence, biomolecules adsorbing at HA (“apatite”) nanoparticles interact with amorphous, rather than well-ordered, domains. As pointed out previously, ,, this property has strong bearings for a faithful computer modeling of biomolecule–HA interactions, as the adsorption de facto occurs at the surface layer of ACP, whose hydrated and disordered CaP environments are distinctly different from a perfect HA structure.…”