Predicting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of polychlorinated bornane (toxaphene) congeners in fish and comparison with bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in biota from the aquatic environment

Geygr, Harald J.; Kaune, A.; Schrammt, Karl-Werner; Rimkus, Gerhard; Scheunert, I.; Brüggemann, Rainer; Altschuh, Joachim; Steinberg, Christian E. W.; Vetter, Walter; Kettrup, A.; Muir, Derek C.G.

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00130-7

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Assuming a quantitative feed uptake and taking into account that the toxaphene congeners are highly lipid soluble compounds (octanol/water coefficients log K ow > 6) (Geyer et al . 1999), we expected an enhanced accumulation of toxaphene in the lipid phase of the trout tissue after 13.5 months.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transfer of toxaphene and chlordane into farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) via feed

Haßler

Kuhlmann

Oetjen

2002

Aquaculture Research

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The study was carried out to quantitate the transfer of toxaphene and chlordane compounds from commercial fish feed into the edible part of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under normal rearing conditions. Trout were fed with unspiked high energy feed for salmon (fat content 26–30%) over a period of 19 months. The average weight of trout increased from 10 g to more than 2092 g, reaching sizes of 51 cm length. Considerable amounts of toxaphene and chlordane residues were transferred from fish feed into trout muscle. Toxaphene concentrations increased up to 8.6 µg (Σ toxaphene indicator compounds 1–3) kg−1 wet weight (w.w.) and chlordane reached 5.3 µg Σoxy‐, trans‐, cis‐chlordane + t‐nonachlor kg−1 w.w. Results are also discussed on the contaminant levels based on the fat content and the effect of sexual maturation is considered in this study. The data allow the establishment of transfer rates for toxaphene and chlordane congeners from high energy diet into the edible part of farmed rainbow trout.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, bioconcentration factors of toxaphene congeners have been estimated in fish (Geyer et al . 1999) but little is known about transfer and carry‐over rates of toxaphene and chlordane congeners via feed in aquaculture (Murphy & Gooch 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of toxaphene and chlordane into farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) via feed

Haßler

Kuhlmann

Oetjen

2002

Aquaculture Research

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“…The reason for the presence of toxaphene in "sh and lack of detection of toxaphene in the sediment may be due to a high bioaccumulation potential. Recently, investigators have reported bioaccumulation factors of 600,000 to 71,000,000 for the major components of toxaphene (Geyer et al, 1999). Repeated exposures of the sediment extracts did not result in any statistically signi"cant adverse e!ects compared with controls (Fig.…”

Section: Modifications Of Topical Japanese Medaka Assaymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The reason for the lack of detection of toxaphene in the sediments is not known although studies have suggested that the complex composition of toxaphene could cause some di$culty during analysis (Harder et al, 1983;Alder et al, 1997). However, a recent study indicates that the major components of toxaphene have bioaccumulation factors ranging from 600,000 to 71,000,000 (Geyer et al, 1999). It is therefore not surprising to "nd elevated levels in adults with sediment concentrations below the detection limit of 110 g/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications of the Topical Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Embryo Larval Assay for Assessing Developmental Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and p, p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Owens

Baer

2000

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…The chemistry and environmental fate of toxaphene have been described in various original papers and reviews (Saleh, 1991;Maruya et al, 2000;Geyer et al, 1999;deGeus et al, 1999). TT is an organochlorine insecticide belonging to the class of compounds known as polychlorinated bicyclic terpenes (ATSDR, 1996).…”

Section: Toxaphene Background Chemistry and Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Toxaphene and its Breakdown Products: Time for a Change?

Lamb

Neal

Goodman

2008

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Technical toxaphene (TT) was last used in commerce in about 1982. Any environmental exposure to toxaphene in this century is to environmentally degraded forms of toxaphene, termed weathered toxaphene. Several hundred chlorinated bornane congeners have been identified in technical toxaphene. The degradation of technical toxaphene to weathered toxaphene can result in various congener mixtures, but the primary mode of degradation is dechlorination. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presently estimates the risk of exposure to toxaphene by relying upon rat and mouse toxicology studies performed on technical toxaphene. No adjustment is made for the dechlorination of toxaphene in the environment. The European Union (EU), however, has modeled toxaphene risks from eating fish with chlorinated bornane residues through a series of studies on toxaphene degraded by either ultraviolet light, or biodegradation in fish. The EU risk assessment relies upon rat liver studies in vivo and mouse in vitro studies on the inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC).This article reviews the current state of knowledge of technical and weathered toxaphene toxicology. We discuss the various current methods and opportunities to advance the risk assessment of weathered toxaphene beyond the existing U.S. EPA assessment of technical toxaphene.

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Predicting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of polychlorinated bornane (toxaphene) congeners in fish and comparison with bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in biota from the aquatic environment

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Transfer of toxaphene and chlordane into farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) via feed

Transfer of toxaphene and chlordane into farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) via feed

Modifications of the Topical Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Embryo Larval Assay for Assessing Developmental Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and p, p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Risk Assessment of Toxaphene and its Breakdown Products: Time for a Change?

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