Predicting Cervical Cancer using Machine Learning Methods

Abstract

In almost all countries, precautionary measures are less expensive than medical treatment. The early detection of any disease gives a patient better chances of successful treatment than disease discovery at an advanced stage of its development. If we do not know how to treat patients, any treatment we can provide would be useful and would provide a more comfortable life. Cervical cancer is one such disease, considered to be fourth among the most common types of cancer in women around the world. There are many factors that increase the risk of cervical cancer, such as age and use of hormonal contraceptives. Early detection of cervical cancer helps to raise recovery rates and reduce death rates. This paper aims to use machine learning algorithms to find a model capable of diagnosing cervical cancer with high accuracy and sensitivity. The cervical cancer risk factor dataset from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) was used to construct the classification model through a voting method that combines three classifiers: Decision tree, logistic regression and random forest. The synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) was used to solve the problem of imbalance dataset and, together with the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, to reduce dimensions that do not affect model accuracy. Then, stratified 10-fold cross-validation technique was used to prevent the overfitting problem. This dataset contains four target variables-Hinselmann, Schiller, Cytology, and Biopsy-with 32 risk factors. We found that using the voting classifier, SMOTE and PCA techniques helped raise the accuracy, sensitivity, and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC_AUC) of the predictive models created for each of the four target variables to higher rates. In the SMOTE-voting model, accuracy, sensitivity and PPA ratios improved by 0.93 % to 5.13 %, 39.26 % to 46.97 % and 2 % to 29 %, respectively for all target variables. Moreover, using PCA technology reduced computational processing time and increasing model efficiency. Finally, after comparing our results with several previous studies, it was found that our models were able to diagnose cervical cancer more efficiently according to certain evaluation measures.

A Machine Learning Method for Classification of Cervical Cancer

“…Reference [61] constructed a cervical cancer classification model through a voting method that combines three classifiers: DT, LR, and RF. SMOTE was used to solve the problem of imbalance dataset with PCA technique to reduce features.…”

Automated invasive cervical cancer disease detection at early stage through suitable machine learning model

“…Currently, a plethora of ML models are proposed and applied for the targeted application areas to accelerate and enrich the research purposes. In [10], four target variables-Hinselmann, Schiller, Cytology, and Biopsy-with 32 risk factors are considered for analyzing pernicious cervical cancer leading to unexpected death. These major culprits are sorted out by developing an effective model and applying the most popular ML methods: Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Ensemble Method.…”

Women Healthcare Mobile App-An Approach to Predict Early Stage of Cervical Cancer

“…It is a table that gives information regarding both actual and expected classes and is used to measure performance for two or more classes. [4] • True Positive (TP) relates to the number of records that are positive and are accurately classified.…”

“…Alsmariy et al [4] proposed a classification model called SMOTE (The synthetic minority oversampling technique)-voting-PCA by combining three classifiers: Decision tree, logistic regression and random forest obtained accuracy of 97% for the prediction of cervical cancer according to certain evaluation measures.…”