“…
where the rank function is
, representing the proportion of instances with a feature value k smaller than z , h i is the weight of each point, and ε is an approximation factor indicating that there is 1/ ε candidate points. XGBoost has been successfully applied to flood mapping on rivers (Abedi et al.,
2021), prediction of ice phenomena (Graf et al.,
2022), and stress evolution on concrete (Liang et al.,
2022).…”