Predicting faecal indicator fluxes using digital land use data in the UK's sentinel Water Framework Directive catchment: The Ribble study

Kay, David; Wyer, Mark D.; Crowther, John; Stapleton, Carl Michael; Bradford, Michael J.; McDonald, Adrian; Greaves, J.; Francis, Carol; Watkins, John

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.006

Cited by 72 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Predictive models (22,(33)(34)(35) may help to estimate average water quality given high frequency variability of measurements. These models use physical, chemical, and biological factors to predict concentrations of ENT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability

Boehm

2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in a single grab sample of water are used to notify the public about the safety of swimming in coastal waters. If concentrations are over a single-sample standard, waters are closed or placed under an advisory. Previous work has shown that notification errors occur often because FIB vary more quickly than monitoring results can be obtained (typically 24 h). Rapid detection technologies (such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction) that allow FIB quantification in hours have been suggested as a solution to notification errors. In the present study, I explore variability of enterococci (ENT) over time scales less than a day that might affect interpretation of FIB concentrations from a single grab sample, even if obtained rapidly. Five new data sets of ENT collected at 10 and 1 min periodicities for 24 and 1 h, respectively, are presented. Data sets are collected in diverse marine environments from a turbulent surf zone to a quiescent bay. ENT vary with solar and tidal cycles, as has been observed in previous studies. Over short time scales, ENT are extremely variable in each environment even the quiescent bay. Changes in ENT concentrations between consecutive samples (1 or 10 min apart) greater than the single-sample standard (104 most probable number per 100 mL) are not unusual. Variability, defined as the change in concentration between consecutive samples, is not distinct between environments. ENT change by 60% on average between consecutive samples, and by as much as 700%. Spectral analyses reveal no spectral peaks, but power-law decline of spectral density with frequency. Power-law exponents are close to 1 suggesting ENT time series share properties with 1/f noise and are fractal in nature. Since fractal time series have no characteristic time scale associated with them, it is not obvious how the fractal nature of ENT can be exploited for adaptive sampling or management. Policy makers, as well as scientists designing field campaigns for microbial source tracking and epidemiology studies, are cautioned that a single sample of water reveals little about the true water quality at a beach. Multiple samples must be taken to gain a snapshot into the patchy structure of microbial water quality and associated human health risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability

Boehm

2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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“…Various sources of data can be used for this such as census data, regional or national thematic maps, and field survey data [14,[78][79][80]. National census data from human populations can be useful for evaluating density or some characteristics such as age or socioeconomic distribution [81].…”

Section: Quantitatively Measuring These Sources and Factors And Theirmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the time, statistical methods that were used to achieve this step were multivariate regression modelling and Pearson's correlation coefficient [14,[77][78][79]98]. Knowledge resulting from this step could provide the answer to the question: Which beaches have a higher risk of fecal contamination?…”

Section: Quantitatively Measuring These Sources and Factors And Theirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Recreational Waters: How to Integrate Environmental Determinants

Turgeon¹

2012

JEP

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Recreational waters are associated with a higher risk of disease for people engaged in activities that bring them into contact with these waters. The primary cause of contamination of recreational waters is fecal microorganisms, which may originate from various sources and involve several modulating factors, making it a complex public health and environmental issue. Monitoring recreational water quality should include two key components: Microbial water testing and monitoring environmental determinants associated with higher risks of contamination. Conducting both activities provides the foundation for a comprehensive assessment according to risk and the actual level of fecal pollution and thus could promote good management actions to ensure safe water quality. Nevertheless, monitoring of environmental determinants is rarely fully integrated in monitoring programs and is also harder to achieve, especially when water pollution is mainly associated with nonpoint sources. In order to achieve identification and monitoring of environmental determinants associated with fecal contamination of recreational waters, some specific steps should be followed and some questions must be answered. The objective of this review article is to present current knowledge on this topic and to suggest and discuss recommendations. Potential sources of contamination and factors able to modulate them should be identified and measured after the geographical area influencing fecal contamination of recreational water has been delineated. Statistical models have been developed to identify the relative importance of these environmental characteristics on fecal pollution of recreational waters but they do not allow for a full comprehension of the exact processes leading to this pollution, thus other methods should also be used to better understand these processes.

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“…The river Douglas and the Crossens drainage system also flow into the Ribble estuary. The Ribble catchment has been chosen as the most appropriate case study area for this investigation for the following reasons (Kay et al 2005, Saul et al 2011 it is the single UK research catchment for studies linked to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) implementation; (ii) it has a unique and rich resource of historical data defining past microbial source apportionment and effluent microbial quality produced by the sewage infrastructure; (iii) considerable geographical information systems data resources are available for the basin; and (iv) the present team has hydrodynamic modelling experience within the Ribble estuary shellfish waters and in the near-shore coastal zone around the key Fylde Coast bathing water compliance points.…”

Section: Introduction Of Ribble Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud to coast: integrated assessment of environmental exposure, health impacts and risk perceptions of faecal organisms in coastal waters

Huang

Falconer

Boye

et al. 2015

International Journal of River Basin Management

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The proper recognition and calculation of polluted sources and the fate and transport of faecal organisms in catchments, river networks and coastal waters are very important to the assessment of environmental exposure, health impacts and risk perceptions of faecal indicator organisms (FIO) in coastal waters. The paper reviews the integrated modelling techniques for faecal processes from cloud to coast, including sediment and faecal bacteria interactions, and then presents a theoretical and case study in the numerical modelling for FIO levels in the river Ribble and Fylde Coast using the twodimensional or three-dimensional environmental fluid dynamics code and the 1D Flow And Solute Transport in Estuaries and Rivers models, respectively. The related key parameters in the linked model are illustrated and analysed, together with validation of the hydrodynamic processes and the faecal bacteria concentration levels being undertaken using measured related data acquired in 1999. Using the model results, a quantitative microbial risk assessment is undertaken, where a moderate dose for swimming in faecal coliform-laden flows is accepted, as given by the European (EU) water quality standard requirements. The results show that some local regions of relatively high concentration exist near the outfalls and these values are not compliant with the mandatory and tighter microbial standards in the UK, as governed by the new EU Water Framework Directive. Finally, some new research and key challenges for the future are discussed in the paper.

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Predicting faecal indicator fluxes using digital land use data in the UK's sentinel Water Framework Directive catchment: The Ribble study

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability

Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability

Monitoring Recreational Waters: How to Integrate Environmental Determinants

Cloud to coast: integrated assessment of environmental exposure, health impacts and risk perceptions of faecal organisms in coastal waters

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