“…While most students had undertaken productive learning experiences as expected, occasionally learners may also partake in off-task behaviors. These off-task behaviors include on-task conversation, off-task conversation, off-task solitary behavior, inactivity, playing, skipping, and/or gaming the system (systematic exploit of platform regularities for progression) [5,[123][124][125][126]. Gaming behaviors were further differentiated to help abuse and systematic trial-and-error [125,127].…”