Predicting of excess body fat in children

Abstract

Purpose of reviewApproximately 370 million children and adolescents worldwide showed overweight or obesity in 2016. The risk of developing severe comorbidities depends on the age of onset and the duration of obesity. This review discusses available methodologies to detect excess body fat in children as well as the early life factors that predict excess body fat and its development.Recent findingsFactors, such as parental nutritional status, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, maternal smoking during pregnancy, low and high birth weight, rapid weight gain, and short infant sleep duration have been independently and positively associated with neonatal, infant, and children adiposity. Early detection of excess body fat in children through the use of various tools is the first step in preventing nutrition-related diseases in adulthood.SummaryThe early detection of excess body fat and the implementation of efficient interventions to normalize the weight of children and adolescents at obesity risk are essential to prevent diseases in adult life.

Determinants of Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity: The EVASYON Study

“…Early life factors are also associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic health in adulthood [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Higher birth weight was associated with early development of insulin resistance and MetS [ 44 ] and increased risk of obesity [ 45 ].…”

“…Higher birth weight was associated with early development of insulin resistance and MetS [ 44 ] and increased risk of obesity [ 45 ]. Additionally, a lower birth weight was related to later risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes [ 43 ]. In conclusion, low and high birth weights impact subsequent cardiometabolic health [ 41 ].…”

“…In our study, weight and size at birth were not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Finally, there is also a relationship between breastfeeding and later diseases; a short period or absence of breastfeeding seems to be a risk factor for MetS [ 43 , 46 ]. Conversely, and along the same lines as Yakubov et al [ 47 ], we found no association between cardiometabolic risk and any of the breastfeeding periods.…”

Obesity in Children : Long-Term Causes and Consequences

“…Obesitas anak berkaitan dengan obesitas dewasa 4 . Sebuah metaanalisis menunjukkan bahwa anak dengan obesitas memiliki risiko lima kali lebih tinggi mengalami obesitas pada saat dewasa dibandingkan dengan anak berat badan normal 5 . Dalam penelitian lain, sekitar 80% remaja dengan obesitas tetap obesitas di masa dewasa 6 .…”

“…Lebih khusus lagi, pekerjaan yang memaksa ibu untuk kurang menyusui, serta kurangnya pengawasan bermain dan peningkatan screen time yang semuanya secara positif terkait dengan obesitas dan kelebihan berat badan masa kanak-kanak 27 . Menyusui telah ditemukan memiliki efek "protektif" pada anak-anak dimana periode ASI eksklusif berhubungan dengan insiden obesitas yang lebih rendah pada anak-anak dan remaja serta penurunan risiko dalam akuisisi diabetes tipe 2 pada anak-anak, remaja, dan dewasa 28 , dan dengan demikian umumnya direkomendasikan untuk ibu yang memiliki sumber daya untuk melakukannya 5 . Selain itu, dengan jadwal kerja yang padat dan kegemaran menonton televisi, makan bersama keluarga dengan masakan rumahan diperkirakan akan berkurang frekuensinya.…”