The interest rate spread is of importance to policy makers and finance professionals in asset allocation and is a common measure of financial market stress. In this paper we model and forecast the interest rate spreads for a number of countries using two well known continuous time models and discrete time ARMA and ARFIMA models. We use monthly and
Biographical notes:Professor Gough is Head of Department of Accounting, Finance and Governance.Ben Nowman is Professor of Finance.
Dr Stefan Van Dellen is Senior Lecturer in Finance.Acknowledgments: We thank the referees for substantial comments which helped us improve the paper.
IntroductionThe modelling and forecasting of interest rate spreads, or what is commonly refereed to as the term spread or yield curve slope, is of importance for central bankers and other market practitioners. Interest rate spreads are simply the difference between long term and short term rates. Interestingly a change from a positive to a negative interest rate spread would indicate that a recession is likely in the future (see below for a more detailed discussion on this).Furthermore, the interest rate spread can be used to forecast future short-term interest rates, where Campbell and Schiller (1987), Fama (1984Fama ( , 1990 and Hardouvelis (1988), amongst many others, document that interest rate spreads can predict the correct direction of future changes in short rates. Finally, interest rate spreads are of particular use to traders in international financial markets who trade the slope of the yield curve and fund managers who use this for asset allocation purposes.The past twenty years has seen the emergence of the use of the term spread ability to predict output growth and recessions as an important area of research, where Wheelock and Wohar (2009) provide an excellent recent survey of these literature. Studies on predicting output growth for example include, Laurent (1988), Harvey (1988Harvey ( , 1989, Estrelle and Hardouvelis (1991) provided some of the first empirical evidence on how interest rate spreads could be used to predict output growth in the US. This relation was confirmed by Shaaf (2000), Ang, Piazzesi, and Wei (2006), Aretz and Peel (2008) and Bordo and Haubrich (2008), although Bordo and Haubrich reported that spreads only improved forecast in three of the nine sub-periods studied. Looking at this relation in a more international context, Esrella, Rogrigues and Schich (2003), Duarte, Venetis and Paya (2005) and Nakaoto (2005) found similar results in Germany, the Euro area and Japan, respectively.
3Looking at a different application of interest rate spreads, Estrelle and Hardouvelis (1991) and Estrella and Mishkin (1998) demonstrated that the interest rate spread significantly outperforms other financial and macroeconomic variables in forecasting recessions in the US.This relation was again confirmed by Galvao (2006) and Rosenberg and Maurer (2008), while Bernard and Gerlach (1998) found a similar relation in eight industrialised countries. In Ivanova, Lahiri...