Predicting the cost of COVID-19 treatment and its drivers in Indonesia: analysis of claims data of COVID-19 in 2020-2021

Nugraha, Ryan Rachmad; Pratiwi, Mutia A; Al-Faizin, Ruli Endepe; Permana, Ardian Budi; Setiawan, Ery; Farianty, Yuli; Komaryani, Kalsum; Thabrany, Hasbullah

doi:10.1186/s13561-022-00392-w

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The cost of inpatient care had a considerable influence on the cost-effectiveness of both booster doses and oral antivirals in our analysis. Estimates for the cost of caring for patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were from data collected during 2020 and 2021 [41]. Changing standards of care, such as reduced requirements for isolation, may reduce these costs over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future work should consider extending the wealth of modelling on epidemiological impact to also include an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of oral antivirals and booster doses. patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were from data collected during 2020 and 2021 [41]. Changing standards of care, such as reduced requirements for isolation, may reduce these costs over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We calculated direct medical costs averted by preventing hospital admissions (inpatient costs), reducing the incidence of non-hospitalised symptomatic disease (outpatient costs), and reducing hospital length of stay (Table 2). Inpatient costs were estimated using the analysis by Nugraha et al of COVID-19 inpatient costs recorded by the Indonesian Ministry of Health [41]. No primary data were available for our other three study settings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in the Indo-Pacific

Bilgin,

Munira,

Lokuge

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Decision-makers in middle-income countries need evidence on the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals to appropriately prioritise these healthcare interventions. Methods: We used a dynamic transmission model to assess the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in Fiji, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Timor-Leste. We conducted cost-effectiveness analysis from both healthcare and societal perspectives using 3% discounting for ongoing costs and health benefits. We developed an interactive R Shiny which allows the user to vary key model assumptions, such as the choice of discounting rate, and view how these assumptions affect model results. Findings: Booster doses were cost saving and therefore cost-effective in all four middle-income settings from both healthcare and societal perspectives using 3% discounting. Providing oral antivirals was cost-effective from a healthcare perspective if procured at a low generic ($25 United States Dollars) or middle-income reference price ($250 United States Dollars); however, their cost-effectiveness was strongly influenced by rates of wastage or misuse, and the ongoing costs of care for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Interestingly, the cost or wastage of rapid antigen tests did not appear strongly influential over the cost-effectiveness of oral antivirals in any of the four study settings. Conclusions: Our results support that government funded COVID-19 booster programs continue to be cost-effective in middle-income settings. Oral antivirals demonstrate the potential to be cost-effective if procured at or below a middle-income reference price of $250 USD per schedule. Further research should quantify the rates of wastage or misuse of oral COVID-19 antivirals in middle-income settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in the Indo-Pacific

Bilgin,

Munira,

Lokuge

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…This checklist has been used in other studies as well 12 or it has been cited in other studies. [13][14][15] In the present study, 20 hospitals in Hamadan province of Iran were examined to evaluate the response in COVID-19 conditions. The average total response score of the hospitals in the province was 62.25 points (minimum of 35 and maximum of 72), about 13 points less than the maximum achievable (75 points), suggesting the relative readiness of hospitals in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in the province.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This checklist has been used in other studies as well 12 or it has been cited in other studies. 13 - 15 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Response Rates of Hospitals in the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Hamadan Province of Iran

Seifrabiei

Keramat

Sedighi

et al. 2023

Health�Serv�Insights

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The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the capacity of health systems in various countries. This study was designed to evaluate the response rates of hospitals in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Hamadan province, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, all 20 hospitals in Hamadan province were monitored in February 2020. The instrument used in this study was the WHO checklist, entitled “Infection prevention and control health-care facility response for COVID-19.” In each hospital, the hospital infection control officials completed the checklists under the supervision of the hospital managers and were then provided to the project manager. Data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. There were 3482 hospital beds (the average beds of each hospital was 174) in the studied hospitals. Of 15 055 patients admitted to all hospitals, 2196 (14.6%) individuals were COVID-19 patients. The total average score obtained from the checklist was 62.25. Among 7 domains studied, the lowest scores belonged to 2 domains of “infrastructure and equipment” and “patient screening and triage.” The scores of domains “IPC programs” and “visitors” were significantly higher in hospitals with ICU beds than other hospitals ( P-value = .03 in both domains). A comparison between university-teaching hospitals with other hospitals and those in Hamadan city with other cities revealed no significant differences in any of the domains. The mean response rate (62.25) of hospitals in terms of COVID-19 in Hamadan province indicates their relative readiness to prevent and control the COVID19 pandemic. The shortage of infrastructure and equipment and screening and triage problems of patients were the main challenges of hospitals in managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Hamadan province, Iran.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals: Case studies in the Indo-Pacific

Bilgin,

Munira,

Lokuge

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Decision-makers in middle-income countries need evidence on the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals to appropriately prioritise these healthcare interventions. Methods We used a dynamic transmission model to assess the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in Fiji, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Timor-Leste. We conducted cost-effectiveness analysis from both healthcare and societal perspectives using data collated from publicly available sources. We developed an interactive R Shiny which allows the user to vary key model assumptions, such as the choice of discounting rate, and view how these assumptions affect model results. Findings Booster doses were cost saving and therefore cost-effective in all four middle-income settings from both healthcare and societal perspectives using 3% discounting. Providing oral antivirals was cost-effective from a healthcare perspective if procured at a low generic price (US$25) or middle-income reference price (US$250); however, their cost-effectiveness was strongly influenced by rates of wastage or misuse, and the ongoing costs of care for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The cost or wastage of rapid antigen tests did not appear strongly influential over the cost-effectiveness of oral antivirals in any of the four study settings. Conclusions Our results support that COVID-19 booster programs are cost-effective in middle-income settings. Oral antivirals demonstrate the potential to be cost-effective if procured at or below a middle-income reference price of US$250 per schedule. Further research should quantify the rates of wastage or misuse of oral COVID-19 antivirals in middle-income settings.

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Predicting the cost of COVID-19 treatment and its drivers in Indonesia: analysis of claims data of COVID-19 in 2020-2021

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in the Indo-Pacific

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals in the Indo-Pacific

Evaluation of the Response Rates of Hospitals in the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Hamadan Province of Iran

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster doses and oral antivirals: Case studies in the Indo-Pacific

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