Predicting the Development of Orbitopathy in Graves Thyroidopathy Patients

Takakura, Ako; Kirkeby, Kjersti; Earle, Karen; Silkiss, Rona Z.

doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000000350

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Stein et al found no significant differences in the risk of developing TED between Caucasians (TED: 527 vs no TED: 5312), Latinos (TED: 38, no TED: 512), African Americans (TED: 26 vs no TED: 358), Asian Americans(TED: 26 vs no TED: 358) and other races (TED:9 vs no TED: 79) 74 . In Takakura et al study, comparisons made between African Americans (RR: 0.63; P = .81), Asians (RR: 0.48; P = .58) and other ethnicities (RR: 1.08; P = .96) found no significant differences in the risk of developing TED and ethnicity 75 . However, Khong et al found significantly increased odds of 2.08 (CI: 1.56 to 2.76; P < .001) in Caucasians in developing TED (TED:482 vs no TED: 283) when compared with non‐Caucasians (TED: 122 vs no TED: 155) 77 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In total, 26,803 patients were included in the review and 10,667 were diagnosed with thyroid eye disease (TED). Articles included mainly originated from Europe (n = 28), 22‐49 Asia (n = 20), 50‐69 North America (n = 7), 70‐76 Oceania (n = 1) 77 and South America (n = 1) 78 . Table 1 summarizes the results of the meta‐analysis, and a summary of the included articles can be found in the appendix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were three studies which compared the risk of developing TED between different ethnic groups 31,57,74,75,77 . Stein et al found no significant differences in the risk of developing TED between Caucasians (TED: 527 vs no TED: 5312), Latinos (TED: 38, no TED: 512), African Americans (TED: 26 vs no TED: 358), Asian Americans(TED: 26 vs no TED: 358) and other races (TED:9 vs no TED: 79) 74 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review

Chin

Lee

et al. 2020

Clinical Endocrinology

122

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Objective Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a debilitating condition that frequently manifests in patients suffering from Graves’ disease (GD). This study aims to analyse the prevalence of TED among GD patients, with a focus on geographical region‐specific rates. Methods Medline and Embase were searched for articles examining TED prevalence on April 2020, and articles were retrieved and sieved. Statistical analysis was performed after Freeman‐Tukey double arcsine transformation. Thereafter, results were pooled with random effects by DerSimonian and Laird model. Results Fifty‐seven articles involving 26,804 patients were included in the review. The overall pooled prevalence of TED was 40% (CI: 0.32 to 0.48) and by continent was 38% (CI: 0.31 to 0.46) for Europe, 44% (CI: 0.32 to 0.56) for Asia, 27% (CI: 0.06 to 0.56) for North America and 58% (CI: 0.55 to 0.61) for Oceania. The prevalence of TED in Southeast Asia was 35% (CI: 0.24 to 0.47) and Middle East 48% (CI: 0.19 to 0.78). Subgroup analysis showed regions with predominantly Caucasians (37%; CI: 0.28 to 0.46) had a lower prevalence of TED compared to Asians (45%; CI: 0.33 to 0.58). The pooled prevalence of lid retraction was 57% (CI: 0.39 to 0.74), proptosis 57% (CI: 0.48 to 0.65), diplopia 36% (CI: 0.24 to 0.48) and ocular hypertension 13% (CI: 0.06 to 0.19). Conclusion A substantial proportion of patients with GD have TED and often manifest as lid retraction, proptosis and diplopia. Early detection through active screening might help to mitigate the progression of TED and its associated complications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review

Chin

Lee

et al. 2020

Clinical Endocrinology

122

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“…A study from Australia reported that Caucasians have an increased risk (2.08, 95% CI, 1.56-2.76) of developing GO compared with non-Caucasian ethnicities (29). Conversely, other studies failed to link ethnic origin (including Caucasians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Asians, Latinos) to an increased for the occurrence of GO (30,31). In summary, the role of ethnic factors, if any, remains, for the time being, unclear.…”

Section: Age Gender and Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves’ Orbitopathy

et al. 2020

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GO is the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, although it may rarely occur in euthyroid/hypothyroid patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. It is a relatively infrequent disorder, and men tend to have more severe ocular involvement at an older age. The prevalence of GO is lower than in the past among patients with recent onset Graves’ hyperthyroidism, and moderate-to-severe forms requiring aggressive treatments are no more than 5–6% of all cases of GO. After an initial inflammatory (active) phase and a phase of stabilization (plateau phase), GO tends to improve and eventually inactivates (inactive or burnt-out phase). Minimal-to-mild GO often remits spontaneously, but complete restitutio ad integrum almost never occurs when GO is more than mild. Several risk factors contribute to its development on a yet undefined genetic background. Cigarette smoking is the most important of them. Early diagnosis, control and removal of modifiable risk factors, early treatment of mild forms of GO may effectively limit the risk of progression to more severe forms, which have a profound and dramatic impact on the quality of life of affected individuals, and remain a therapeutic challenge, often requiring long-lasting and multiple medical and surgical therapies.

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“…Elevated thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) levels greater than 400 at the time of presentation may predict the risk for development of orbitopathy, hence should be included in the investigations. [ 3 ]…”

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confidence: 99%

Commentary: Thyroid eye disease in India: A wake-up call?

Mukherjee

2020

Indian J Ophthalmol

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Predicting the Development of Orbitopathy in Graves Thyroidopathy Patients

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review

Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review

Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves’ Orbitopathy

Commentary: Thyroid eye disease in India: A wake-up call?

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