Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences

Pauketat, Janet V. T.; Anthis, Jacy Reese

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107372

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…However, people are much more skeptical of AIs capacity for sentience than their capacity for cognition. For example, Pauketat and Anthis [59] found that, on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 100 (very much), the mean response to whether future AIs can have emotions was 38.6 (standard deviation = 30.4), compared to a mean of 70.9 (standard deviation = 22.7) for cognition. 41 It may be very difficult to show with enough confidence that certain AIs are sentient, if we can even have such confidence ourselves.…”

Section: Strategic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What would qualify an artificial intelligence for moral standing?

Ladak

2023

AI Ethics

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What criteria must an artificial intelligence (AI) satisfy to qualify for moral standing? My starting point is that sentient AIs should qualify for moral standing. But future AIs may have unusual combinations of cognitive capacities, such as a high level of cognitive sophistication without sentience. This raises the question of whether sentience is a necessary criterion for moral standing, or merely sufficient. After reviewing nine criteria that have been proposed in the literature, I suggest that there is a strong case for thinking that some non-sentient AIs, such as those that are conscious and have non-valenced preferences and goals, and those that are non-conscious and have sufficiently cognitively complex preferences and goals, should qualify for moral standing. After responding to some challenges, I tentatively argue that taking into account uncertainty about which criteria an entity must satisfy to qualify for moral standing, and strategic considerations such as how such decisions will affect humans and other sentient entities, further supports granting moral standing to some non-sentient AIs. I highlight three implications: that the issue of AI moral standing may be more important, in terms of scale and urgency, than if either sentience or consciousness is necessary; that researchers working on policies designed to be inclusive of sentient AIs should broaden their scope to include all AIs with morally relevant interests; and even those who think AIs cannot be sentient or conscious should take the issue seriously. However, much uncertainty about these considerations remains, making this an important topic for future research.

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Section: Strategic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the expected value of damaging the AI is lower than not doing so, we should avoid doing so. 41 See Appendix A of Pauketat and Anthis [59]. 42 This consideration will of course be stronger if we have higher confidence in the view that non-sentient AIs can have moral standing.…”

Section: Strategic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What would qualify an artificial intelligence for moral standing?

Ladak

2023

AI Ethics

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“…Based on the social cognitive chain of being (SCCB) theory, the status of all things in the world (including humans) on the chain determines how they are treated by others, and anthropomorphism is an important factor determining the agents' status in the chain (Brandt & Reyna, 2011). Past studies have confirmed this theory (Park, 2013;Pauketat & Anthis, 2022). For instance, Nijssen et al (2019) found that social actors (machine-like robots) who looked least human sacrificed more often in moral dilemmas than human-like robots.…”

Section: Importance Of Anthropomorphism and Animacy Of Social Actors ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One research has also found that people are more inclined to save humans in moral dilemmas than inanimate robots (Nijssen et al, 2019). The stronger the belief that robots are alive, the more moral considerations are given to artificial intelligence (Pauketat & Anthis, 2022). These studies have consistently shown that when a social actor is perceived as inanimate, it is unlikely to have the same moral status as an animate social actor.…”

Section: Importance Of Anthropomorphism and Animacy Of Social Actors ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, it is also important to understand the mechanisms of bias in moral judgements. On the one hand, the degree of anthropomorphism of social actors is closely related to individuals' moral judgements (Coghlan et al, 2019; Pauketat & Anthis, 2022). Social actors with high anthropomorphic appearances are often assumed to have a higher level of moral status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human's moral judgements towards different social actors: A cross‐sectional study

Zhou

Yan

2023

British J of Dev Psycho

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The proliferation of artificial intelligence may pose new challenges to people's moral judgements. We examined moral judgements towards different social actors and their influencing factors in children, adolescents and adults. Moral judgements were measured with ship problems which will ask participants whether they would choose to save humans, dogs, humanoid robots or animaloid robots. Results showed that (1) both adolescents and adults considered humans morally most important, followed by dogs, humanoid robots and animaloid robots. Children have not yet developed the tendency to morally prioritize humanoid robots over animaloid robots; (2) Individuals' moral judgements are influenced by their age, anthropomorphism and animacy of social actors; (3) With the development of individuals, animacy of social actors always have a greater impact on individuals' moral judgements than anthropomorphism of social actors. Findings indicated that the concept of moral judgement is more complex in the era of artificial intelligence and requires more attention from developmental psychology researchers.

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Specific Rights in Nonhuman Animal Rights Declarations (Part 2)

Schneeberger

2024

The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series

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Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences

Cited by 22 publications

References 159 publications

What would qualify an artificial intelligence for moral standing?

What would qualify an artificial intelligence for moral standing?

Human's moral judgements towards different social actors: A cross‐sectional study

Specific Rights in Nonhuman Animal Rights Declarations (Part 2)

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