“…For instance, youth experiencing bias-based harassment based on their race, sexual orientation, gender, or religion are at greater risk for mental health challenges and increased substance use than those exposed to non-bias-based harassment (Russell et al, 2012). Further, research on bias-based harassment perpetration has found that individuals who perpetrate are also at risk of negative health functioning, including internalizing behaviors, poor mental health, and increased exposure to violence (Arango et al, 2022; Galán et al, 2021; Stuart & Jose, 2014). Some limited research has focused on youth who both are victimized and perpetrate bias-based harassment, with one study finding that this group had a particularly pronounced risk for suicidal ideation but that relative to adolescents involved as victims or perpetrators they did not report markedly more challenges in other assessed domains (including health and health care; Galán et al, 2021).…”