Flash droughts feature rapid onsets of soil moisture drought events and result in severe impacts and damages, especially on agricultural and ecological systems. How the ash drought regime across China varies on multitemporal scales with climate change is not fully clear yet. In this study, we extended the ash drought de nition to apply to arid regions by adding an absolute soil moisture variation criterion.Then, we detected ash drought events across China during 1981-2021 and characterized their frequency, duration, and affected area changes on seasonal, annual, and decadal scales, using soil moisture data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts climate reanalysis-Land. Results show that hotspots of ash droughts appeared in North China and the Yangtze River Basin.During 1981-2021, the hotspots, even nationwide, underwent signi cant increases in frequencies, durations, and affected areas of ash droughts. The increases held in the extremely high values of the frequencies and durations in the decadal comparisons. Especially, North China saw the most extensive and rapid increases. Seasonally, ash drought frequencies and durations intensi ed more during spring and autumn, and seasonal hotspots in eastern China shifted in phase with spatial patterns of soil moisture loss balanced by precipitation and evapotranspiration. Thus, ash droughts tended to amplify atmospheric aridity. These ndings on the hotspot regions and the spatiotemporal evolutions of ash droughts across China would pinpoint soil moisture responses to climate change and prepare for climate change impacts on local eco-environments.