“…The benefit-granting institution would more likely than not grant benefits ( p c > 0.50) for those who meet the eligibility formula, and is more likely than not to deny benefits ( p c ≤ 0.50) for those who do not. Such studies often go on to model claiming processes, and to estimate the degree to which such variables as stigma, application process complexity, and benefit size affect benefit take-up (Kerr 1982; Moffitt 1983; Duclos 1995). In general, these studies conclude that take-up rates are substantially less than 100 percent among those eligible, which constitutes evidence of significant underclaiming.…”