Prediction from counselor behavior of client perception and of case outcome.

Re-visioning empathy.

“…In fact, Staples and Sloane (1976) found that successful clients spoke more often and had a longer total speech time than lesssuccessful clients and that this was significantly related to therapists' empathy and warmth in the session. Moreover, a decrease in therapist verbosity from first to second interview was positively associated with clients' perceptions of empathy (Barrington, 1961). It has also been observed that there is a significantly shorter pause time by clients following therapist speech.…”

“…In a similar study investigating therapist kinesic and proxemic cues, D' Augelli (1974) found that a forward trunk lean and head nods conveyed an empathic stance. An examination of therapists' speech characteristics found that similarity between clients and therapists in their rate of speech, that is, the number of words spoken per minute, was positively related to clients' judgments of therapists' empathy (Barrington, 1961). Vocal tone has been found to affect clients' perceptions of empathy.…”

“…If one is to capture the complexity and interpersonal dynamic of empathy, then it is important to determine the criteria that people use to ascertain whether someone is empathic or not. A number of studies have tried to identify the behavioral correlates of empathy (Barkham & Shapiro, 1986;Barrington, 1961;Bergin &Jasper, 1969;Caracena & Vicory, 1969;D'Augelli, 1974;Gardner, 1971;Heabe & Tepper, 1972;Truax, 1966;Westerman, Tanaka, Frankel, & Khan, 1986). These studies have investigated four different areas associated with the communication of empathy: therapists' nonverbal behaviors, therapists' speech characteristics, therapists' response modes, and therapists' personal characteristics.…”

The impact of early empathy on alliance building, emotional processing, and outcome during experiential treatment of depression

“…In the present study, we employed a relatively new observer-rated measure: The measure of expressed empathy (MEE; Watson & Prosser, 1999/2002. It differs from other measures in that it is based on the behavioural correlates of empathy identified in previous research (Barrington, 1961;Bohart & Greenberg, 1997;Caracena & Victory, 1969;D'Augelli, 1974;Elliott et al, 2011;Psychotherapy Research 447 Greenberg & Elliott, 1997;Tepper, 1973;Watson, 2001) and evaluates both therapists' verbal and nonverbal behaviour, including speech characteristics and response modes. Unlike client-rated measures, such as the BLRI that assesses clients' global perceptions of empathy, the MEE measures specific components of expressed empathy (Watson & Prosser, 1999/2002.…”

“…This means that therapists must utilize a full range of cognitive and emotional functions while responding empathically to clients. Therapist behaviours shown to significantly relate to client perceptions of empathy include: Therapists' non-verbal behaviours [maintaining eye contact, having a concerned expression, and maintaining a forward lean or head nodding to convey an understanding (D'Augelli, 1974;Tepper, 1973;Watson, 2001)]; therapists' speech characteristics [having similar rates of speech and vocal tones as their clients, responding just ahead of their clients, and not interrupting (Barrington, 1961;Elliott, Bohart, Watson, & Greenberg, 2011;Greenberg & Elliott, 1997)]; therapists' response modes [conveying a sense of interest, having an equal level of emotional involvement as their clients, not conveying detachment or boredom (Caracena & Vicory, 1969;Tepper, 1973), use of emotion words (Barrington, 1961), provision of exploratory responses rather than general advice (Barkham & Shapiro, 1986), and clearly communicated messages (Bohart & Greenberg, 1997;Caracena & Victory, 1969)]. Therapists' characteristics such as being non-judgemental, attentive, and open to discussing any topic also have been shown to be important (Myers, 2000).…”