Prediction of 137Cs deposition from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests within the Arctic

Wright, S.M.; Howard, B.J.; Strand, P.; Nylén, Torbjörn; Sickel, M.

doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00140-7

Cited by 70 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Table 2 Projected time integrated aggregate transfer factor of 137 Cs as defined by UNSCEAR from nuclear weapons fallout (1945 to 2015) and the Chernobyl fallout (1986 to 2056) and the internal effective dose commitment between 1986 and 2056 per unit deposition in the county (µSv kBq m -2 ). Uncertainty estimates refer to ±1 standard deviation of the estimated population mean values (See also Denmark (Aarkrog et al, 1995) Sweden Avg (Wright et al, 1999) Denmark (Fitted) Sweden Avg (Fitted) Estimated variance of A cum (t=1985-07-01) ~ SSR/N of regression = 4%. Model uncertainty is assumed to be significantly higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There does, however, exist data on pre-Chernobyl fallout based on reconstructions from metrological records, since the annual fallout was highly correlated to the annual precipitation (e.g. Isaksson et al, 1997;Wright et al, 1999). The time-pattern of the cumulated deposition of the nuclear weapons fallout in Sweden, described by the function T(t), has thus been reconstructed by combining Danish data on annual 137 Cs fallout, A ann , from 1950 and onward (Aarkrog et al, 1995;Fig.…”

Section: Estimation Of Cumulated Total Ground Deposition Of 137 Cs Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This time the deposition was much more inhomogeneously distributed, where certain areas obtained more than 100 kBq m -2 of 137 Cs, compared with, on average, 2-3 kBq m -2 from the global fallout (Edvarson, 1991;Vintersved et al, 1991;Isaksson and Erlandsson, 1998;Wright et al, 1999). Studies were also conducted on other critical populations in Sweden, such as hunters and farmers living in regions with high deposition of radiocaesium (Ågren, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Transfer of 137Cs from Chernobyl debris and nuclear weapons fallout to different Swedish population groups

Rääf¹,

Hubbard²,

Falk³

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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-Data from measurements on the body burden of 134 Cs, 137 Cs and 40 K in various Swedish populations between 1959 and 2001 has been compiled into a national database. The compilation is a co-operation between the Departments of Radiation Physics in Malmö and Göteborg, the National Radiation Protection Authority (SSI) and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI). In a previous study the effective ecological half time and the associated effective dose to various Swedish populations due to internal contamination of 134 Cs and 137 Cs have been assessed using the database. In this study values of human body burden have been combined with data on the local and regional ground deposition of fallout from nuclear weapons tests (only 137 Cs) and Chernobyl debris (both 134 Cs and 137 Cs), which have enabled estimates of the radioecological transfer in the studied populations.The assessment of the database shows that the transfer of radiocesium from Chernobyl fallout to humans varies considerably between various populations in Sweden. In terms of committed effective dose over a 70 y period from internal contamination per unit activity deposition, the general (predominantly urban) Swedish population obtains 20-30 µSv/kBq m -2 . Four categories of populations exhibit higher radioecological transfer than the general population; i.) reindeer herders (~700 µSv/kBq m -2 ), ii.) hunters in the counties dominated by forest vegetation (~100 µSv/kBq m -2 ), iii.) rural non-farming populations living in sub-arctic areas (40-150 µSv/kBq m -2 ), and iv.) farmers (~50 µSv/kBq m -2 ). Two important factors determine the aggregate transfer from ground deposition to man; i.) dietary habits (intakes of foodstuff originating from natural and semi-natural ecosystems), and ii.) inclination to follow the recommended food restriction by the authorities. The transfer to the general population is considerably lower (~a factor of 3) for the Chernobyl fallout than during the 1960's and 70's, which is partly explained by a higher awareness of the pathways of radiocaesium to man both by the public and by the regulating authorities, and by the time-pattern of the nuclear weapons fallout during the growth season in Sweden.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of Cumulated Total Ground Deposition Of 137 Cs Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transfer of 137Cs from Chernobyl debris and nuclear weapons fallout to different Swedish population groups

Rääf¹,

Hubbard²,

Falk³

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Regional and local redistribution of chemical elements entering the landscape environment occurs within a shallow active layer during short thaw periods and is controlled by periodic freezing processes [2,3]. Radionuclides of technogenic origin reach the study area via global aerial fallout and subsequent river transport; additional regional contamination occurred due to direct releases to the river from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Industrial complexes at Noril'sk can also contribute to aerial heavy metal contamination of the lower Yenisey River [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and technogenic elements in soils and water of the lower Yenisey flood plain and terraces: Regional and local landscape geochemical distribution patterns controlled by natural processes

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Spatial distributions of Cs-137, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, K, Na, Ca in sediments, soils and water of conjugated landscapes within floodplain and coastal areas of the lower Yenisey were determined in a South-North direction from set. Ust'-Port to Cape Shaitansky. The study showed that these elements could be used to reveal the impact of natural and technogenic sources on local landscapes. The marine influence was traced by increasing salinity Cl − content and a decrease in (Ca + Mg)/(Na + K) ratios in ground water in a seaward direction. Accumulative landscapes of the island in the frontal zone of the delta area appeared to be most enriched in terrestrial elements and ions (Ca, Mg, carbonates) and Cs-137. Data suggest that this area acts as the estuary's first filter zone for river load transport. Permafrost leads to relatively enhanced concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cs-137 in soil profiles at the bottom of the active layer and to enhanced mobility and accumulation of Fe and Mn in oxidized zones. The applied methodology seems to be helpful for the rapid geo-ecological survey of large areas subject to graduated impact.

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“…Iceland was identified in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) as one of the Arctic areas which received the most global fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, due to relatively high precipitation rates compared with much of the Arctic and sub arctic [1]. Cs-137 in the Icelandic terrestrial ecosystem almost entirely originates from the nuclear weapons tests carried out in the atmosphere until the early sixties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cs-137 fallout inventories in Iceland - estimating deposition from precipitation data

Pálsson¹,

Sigurgeirsson²,

Guonason³

et al. 2002

Radioprotection

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Abstract. Iceland was identified in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Report as one of the Arctic areas which received the most global fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, but measurements of contamination were sparse, and are difficult due to the remote and inaccessible terrain of much of the country. Measurements of global 137 Cs deposition have been made at sites close to meteorological stations to ensure that precipitation data were of high quality. The measured data have been compared with different methods of predicting ,37 Cs deposition. The AMAP modeling approach, based on fallout and precipitation data, was used based on a monitoring station near Reykjavik. The availability of good precipitation data and locally based estimates of time dependent ratios of 137 Cs deposition to precipitation during the fallout period gave a better correlation between predicted and observed 137 Cs deposition (1^=0.96) than that achieved using the heterogeneous set of data collected by AMAP over the whole of the Arctic. The method allows a fallout map to be produced for the whole of Iceland for any time period during or after deposition.

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Prediction of 137Cs deposition from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests within the Arctic

Cited by 70 publications

References 12 publications

Transfer of 137Cs from Chernobyl debris and nuclear weapons fallout to different Swedish population groups

Transfer of 137Cs from Chernobyl debris and nuclear weapons fallout to different Swedish population groups

Natural and technogenic elements in soils and water of the lower Yenisey flood plain and terraces: Regional and local landscape geochemical distribution patterns controlled by natural processes

Cs-137 fallout inventories in Iceland - estimating deposition from precipitation data

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