“…The BP neural network, a widely adopted intelligent algorithm renowned for data fitting and prediction, constitutes the focal point of this study. Specifically, the selected feed-forward neural network architecture encompasses an input layer, hidden layer, and output layer, as detailed in references [22,23]. To facilitate effective model training, the input values, namely shot velocity, impact angle of shot, and shot diameter, are meticulously partitioned into training, validation, and test sets, with proportions set at 75%, 15%, and 15%, respectively.…”