“…The research community has applied various classifiers for CVDs prediction such as Logistic Regression [ 40 , 73 , 74 ], Support Vector Machine [ 40 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ], Naive Bayes [ 40 , 73 , 75 , 76 ], Neural Networks (NN) [ 75 ], k-Nearest Neighbours [ 75 , 76 ], Decision trees (DT) [ 75 ], AdaBoost [ 77 ], Random Forests [ 40 , 73 , 74 , 75 ], Language Model (LM) [ 75 ] and Gradient Boosting (GB) [ 73 , 77 , 78 ]. In Table 11 , we demonstrate a brief description of recent studies.…”