Prediction of Coreceptor Tropism in HIV-1 Subtype C in Botswana

The study of nonhuman primates (NHP) can provide significant insights into our understanding numerous infectious agents. The etiological agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 virus, first emerged in 2019 and has so far been responsible for the deaths of over 4 million people globally. In the frenzied search to understand its pathogenesis and immunology and to find measures for prevention and control of this pandemic disease, NHP, particularly macaques, are the preferred model because they manifest similar clinical signs and immunologic features as humans. However, possible latent, subclinical, and opportunistic infections not previously detected in animals participating in a study may obscure experimental results and confound data interpretations in testing treatments and vaccine studies for COVID-19. Certain pathophysiologic changes that occur with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection are similar to those of simian pathogens. The current review discusses numerous coinfections of COVID-19 with other diseases and describes possible outcomes and mechanisms in COVID-19 studies of NHP that have coinfections. Due to the urgency triggered by the pandemic, screening that is more rigorous than usual is necessary to limit background noise and maximize the reliability of data from NHP COVID-19 studies. Screening for influenza virus, selected respiratory bacteria, and regional endemic pathogens such as vector-borne agents, together with the animal’s individual exposure history, should be the main considerations in selecting a NHP for a COVID-19 study. In addition, because NHP are susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, management and surveillance measures should be established to prevent transmission to healthy animals from infected colony animals and husbandry staff. This review presents compiled data on the use of NHP in COVID-19 studies, emphasizing the need to create the most reliable NHP model for those studies by extensive screening for other pathogens.

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Eliminating Potential Effects of Other Infections During Selection of Nonhuman Primates for COVID-19 Research

Andrade

Lemos

Silva

et al. 2023

comp med

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HIV tropism to chemokine coreceptors. Features of the definition, the current state

Martynov,

Semenov,

Batyrgalieva

et al. 2024

Medicinskij alfavit

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HIV infection is a significant cause of death worldwide, the number of people with HIV infection in the Russian Federation as of 2022 amounted to 1163818 people. The determination of HIV tropism is necessary for the appointment of drugs from the group of penetration inhibitors, and also opens up new opportunities in the prediction and analysis of HIV infection in a patient.Aim. To present a description and assess the current state of methods for determining HIV tropism, to summarize known information about the influence of HIV tropism on the course of the disease, to identify topical issues related to HIV tropism and requiring solutions.Materials and methods. A review of domestic and foreign sources devoted to methods for determining the prevalence and clinical significance of HIV tropism was carried out.Results. For the effective administration of CCR5 antagonist drugs, preliminary analysis is necessary to establish the tropism of HIV by genotypic or phenotypic methods. The use of CCR5 antagonists is not possible if HIV can use the CXCR4 coreceptor. CXCR4 – tropism of HIV is associated with the duration of the disease, a decrease in the number of CD4 cells, AIDS, and is a negative prognostic factor. Human mutations affecting coreceptors can affect the course of infection and susceptibility to HIV.Conclusion. The determination of HIV tropism is a useful analysis, the importance of which will increase in connection with the development of new drugs from the group of penetration inhibitors. To increase the availability of HIV tropism analysis in the Russian Federation, the creation of genotypic test systems is required. To create proprietary algorithms used in genotypic analysis, as well as laboratory testing and development of new effective drugs from the group of penetration inhibitors, it is necessary to develop a phenotypic test system. The small study of the influence of other regions of the env gene on HIV tropism, the study of HIV tropism to alternative coreceptors are urgent issues that need to be addressed.

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Prediction of Coreceptor Tropism in HIV-1 Subtype C in Botswana

Cited by 2 publications

References 39 publications

Eliminating Potential Effects of Other Infections During Selection of Nonhuman Primates for COVID-19 Research

Eliminating Potential Effects of Other Infections During Selection of Nonhuman Primates for COVID-19 Research

HIV tropism to chemokine coreceptors. Features of the definition, the current state

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