Prediction of Early Postoperative Pain in Infants Undergoing Primary Cleft Palate Repair

Abstract

Objective Identification of at risk patients before surgery could facilitate improved clinical communication, care pathways and postoperative pain management Design A retrospective cohort study was performed in all infants who had undergone cleft palate repair. Setting Tertiary Institutional Participants Infants < 36 months of age who underwent primary repair of cleft palate between March 2016 and July 2022 Intervention Requirement for analgesic intervention in the post operative care unit Main outcome measure Adverse perioperative event defined as pain or distress. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of airway obstruction, hypoxemia or unplanned intensive care admission. Results Two hundred and ninety one patients (14.6 months,10.1 kg weight) were included. Cleft distribution included submucous (5.2%), Veau I (23.4%), Veau 2 (38.1%), Veau 3 (24.4%), and Veau 4 (8.9%). Overall 35% of 291 infants undergoing cleft palate repair experienced pain or distress requiring opiate intervention in the first hour after surgery. Infants with a Veau 4 cleft palate had 1.8 times and Veau 2 cleft palate had 1.5 times the risk of postoperative pain compared to infants with Veau 1 cleft palate (relative risk 1.82, 95%CI 1.04−3.18 and 1.49, 95%CI 0.96−2.32 respectively). The use of bilateral above elbow arm splints was significantly associated with postoperative pain or distress (odds ratio 2.23, 95%CI 1.01−5.16). Conclusions Post operative pain requiring intervention in PACU is common despite adequate intraoperative multimodal analgesia, local anaesthesia infiltration and postoperative opiate infusions. Infants undergoing soft palate alone or submucous palate repair may require less perioperative opiates.