“…Introduced also by the author in the unified viscoplastic constitutive equations using the nonlinear Armstrong-Frederick format (Chaboche, 1977b), it was a subject of discussion all along the past twenty years, for instance by Walker (1981), Moreno and Jordan (1986), Hartmann (1990), Ohno et al (1989), Ohno (1990), Lee and Krempl (1991). For kinematic hardening this rate term, considered as necessary for obtaining stable conditions, is as follows (only one back-stress is considered here):…”