Prediction of periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque of periodontal healthy subjects by measurement of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air

Abstract

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether measurements of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are useful to predict colonization of periodontopathic bacteria. For this purpose, we assessed the relationships among distributions of 4 species of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and dental plaque, oral conditions including VSC concentration in mouth air, and smoking habit of periodontal healthy young subjects. Methods:The subjects were 108 young adults (mean age, 23.5±2.56 years) without clinical periodontal pockets. Information regarding smoking habit was obtained by interview. After VSC concentration in mouth air was measured with a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter ® ), non-stimulated saliva flow and dental caries status were assessed, and tongue coating and dental plaque samples were collected from the subjects. The tongue coating samples were weighed to determine the amount. The colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola in both tongue coating and plaque samples was investigated using species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays.Results: Significant relationships were observed between the colonization of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and plaque samples, especially that of P.gingivalis. VSC concentration showed the most significant association with colonization of P. gingivalis in both tongue coating and dental plaque. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the adjusted partial correlation coefficient [Exp(B)] values for VSC concentration with the colonization of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. denticola in dental plaque were 135, 35.4 and 10.4, respectively. In addition, smoking habit was also shown to 3 be a significant variable in regression models [Exp(B) = 6.19, 8.92, and 2.53, respectively].Therefore, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to predict the colonization of periodontal bacteria in dental plaque in the subjects divided by smoking habit. Based on our results, we found cut-off values that indicated likelihood ratios (LR) within the efficient range for positive findings in both groups. Conclusion:The present results demonstrated that measurement of VSC concentration in mouth air is a useful method to predict the presence of colonization of some periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque.

Dental Procedures, Oral Practices, and Associated Anxiety: A Study on Late-teenagers

“…The dorsal surface of the tongue harbors millions of bacteria [40], including the periodontopathic bacteria, oral streptococci [41,42], the Candida sp . [43], and microbial flora [44]. These microorganisms, in addition to detached mucosal epithelial cells, food, saliva, and other components, form a soft deposit which is often referred to as tongue plaque or tongue coating.…”

Effects of stress hormones on the production of volatile sulfur compounds by periodontopathogenic bacteria

“…Previous studies revealed that saliva and dental plaque from patients with periodontal disease produces large quantities of VSC, thus contributing to malodor. 25,26,27 Our study shows that periodontal bacteria produce significant VSC levels in vitro and that this production is altered by stress hormones. We observed that the major effects of catecholamines and CORT were on H 2 S levels, mainly in the case of Fn, Pe and Pi.…”

Effects of tongue cleaning on bacterial flora in tongue coating and dental plaque: a crossover study

“…These results showed that F. nucleatum occupied a certain proportion of total bacteria in both tongue coating and dental plaque during both development and under stable conditions. Furthermore, in the present study, F. nucleatum was detected in all tongue coating and dental plaque samples from periodontally healthy individuals, in whom the detection rates of periodontopathic bacteria such as red complex spices are often reported to be extremely low [3-6,32]. Another report noted that colonization of F. nucleatum induced red complex species habitation by binding both early and late colonizers in dental plaque [24].…”

“…Another report noted that colonization of F. nucleatum induced red complex species habitation by binding both early and late colonizers in dental plaque [24]. Furthermore, we previously reported a strong correlation between dental plaque and tongue coating in regard to colonization of red complex spices [6]. Therefore, it is possible that an increase in the amount of F. nucleatum in tongue coating as well as dental plaque indicates an environment that is acceptable for virulent bacteria, consequently increasing the risk for periodontitis.…”

“…Such microorganisms aggregate with mucosal epithelium detachment, as well as food and saliva components, and others, and cover the tongue surface to form the so-called tongue coating. It has been reported that detection rates of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating were closely associated with those in dental plaque [6] and periodontal conditions [4,7-9]. Furthermore, following the loss of all natural teeth, there is a decreased prevalence of selective periodontopathic bacteria on the tongue [8,10,11].…”