“…A different approach to obtain the ion concentration in aqueous ammonia, thermodynamic model such as vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) model, was often employed (Krop, 1999;Kurz et al, 1995;Mathias et al, 2009Mathias et al, , 2010Pazuki et al, 2006;Pitzer, 1973). Most of reported studies with thermodynamic models were verified through partial pressures of ammonia, water, and CO 2 in the head space (Mathias et al, 2009(Mathias et al, , 2010Krop, 1999;Kurz et al, 1995;Pazuki et al, 2006), or vapor phase data only. To the best of the authors' knowledge, only Holmes et al (1998) compared the experimental work of ammonium speciation in its liquid phase with the simulation results.…”