“…97 Although well-designed large prospective studies are lacking, there are preliminary data mainly from retrospective studies that demonstrate that proactive TDM is associated with better therapeutic outcomes compared with empiric dose optimization and/or reactive TDM. 38,39,103,104,128 Furthermore, numerous retrospective studies 23,24,26,29,[31][32][33]67,73,74,[77][78][79]129,130 and some post hoc analyses of RCTs [47][48][49]71,76,94,131,132 have shown that higher biologic drug concentrations are associated with favorable short-term and long-term therapeutic outcomes in IBD (Supplementary Table 1, Tables 1 and 2). There do appear to be certain clinical scenarios that proactive TDM of anti-TNF therapy can efficiently guide therapeutic decisions, such as treatment de-escalation, 133 the application of optimized monotherapy instead of combo therapy with immunomodulator, 82 restarting therapy after a long drug holiday, 27 and treatment cessation on deep remission.…”