“…On the other hand, the electronic structure could be modified by surface engineering, such as heteroatom doping, , defects, , and vacancies . A nitrogen atom with 2p orbital electrons usually serves as a donor to enrich the charge density of the surrounding atoms. ,− In fact, it is not feasible to synthesize an electrocatalyst that reconciles the morphology with an electronic structure. In this regard, rational design and construction of novel electrocatalysts with a rich active site, fast charge transport, and good conductivity are of critical value, but challenges remain.…”