Prediction of thermosets flammability using a model based on group contributions

Sonnier, Rodolphe; Otazaghine, Belkacem; Dumazert, Loïc; Ménard, Raphaël; Viretto, Amandine; Dumas, Ludovic; Bonnaud, Leïla; Dubois, Philippe; Safronava, Natallia; Walters, Richard N.; Lyon, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.012

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Flammability of epoxy depends greatly on the groups present in the network. According to literature, THR can be expected in a large range from 11 to more than 30 kJ/g for phosphorus-free epoxy thermosets [44]. Note that in the work of Sonnier et al a cardanol-containing epoxy thermoset exhibits a high THR and no char.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…THR corresponds to the area under the Heat Release Rate (HRR) curve. In previous works [4,5], the contributions to HRC and THR were calculated for more than 45 chemical groups, and the properties of around 130 polymers were predicted with good accuracy (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Recently, methods based on the Van Krevelen approach have been proposed to assess the flammability of a polymer at microscale, using a pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) [1,2,3,4,5]. A PCFC is an apparatus that allows the heating of a few milligrams of a polymer to 750 °C, according to a linear heating rate (1 K/s) under nitrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Insight into the Flammability of Some Bio-Based Polyesters

Dumazert

Sonnier

2017

Polymers

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The heat release capacity of polymers can be generally predicted using a method based on the additivity of group contributions (the Van Krevelen approach). Nevertheless, there are some exceptions, evidencing that this approach is insufficient and must be completed. In this study, the kinetic triplet accounting for the description of pyrolysis is identified for 11 polymers. Activation energy and the frequency factor are calculated using Kissinger's method. Reaction models are chosen among the Avrami-Erofeev functions. The high flammability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and the underestimation of its heat release capacity using the Van Krevelen approach are explained from these parameters. The results highlight the possibility of improving the model, using additional but easily accessible data.

show abstract

“…As a new class of thermosets, polybenzoxazines have drawn great attention from academic as well as industrial communities for their outstanding characteristics compared with other thermosets, such as epoxies, phenolics, bismaleimides and even polyimides. Notable advantages include their remarkable molecular design flexibility [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], excellent thermal and mechanical properties [8], high char yield [9], excellent flame retardancy [10][11][12][13][14], autocatalysis for ring-opening polymerization [15], near-zero shrinkage upon polymerization [16,17], excellent electrical properties [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and surface energy lower than polytetrafluoroethylene [26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Further Versatility in Benzoxazine Synthesis via Hydrolytic Ring-Opening

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, 2-(aminomethyl)phenol and its derivatives, the reactants for 2-substituted 1,3-benzoxazines, are synthesized by HCl hydrolysis from the typical benzoxazines. The phenol/aniline-based mono-oxazine benzoxazine, PH-a, and the bisphenol A/aniline-based bis-oxazine benzoxazine, BA-a, are used as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of this new approach. Their chemical structures are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and are further verified by elementary analysis. Their thermal properties are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These two 2-(aminomethyl) phenolic derivatives are reacted with paraformaldehyde to close the oxazine rings. A benzoxazine with a phenyl substituent at the 2-position of the oxazine ring is obtained from the 2-((phenylamino)methyl)phenol (hPH-a) and benzaldehyde. All these results highlight the success of the HCl hydrolysis and the formation of stable intermediates, namely 2-(aminomethyl) phenolic derivatives, from readily available benzoxazine monomers. This further demonstrates the feasibility of using these intermediates as reactants for a novel benzoxazine synthesis.

show abstract

Prediction of thermosets flammability using a model based on group contributions

Cited by 36 publications

References 15 publications

Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

An Insight into the Flammability of Some Bio-Based Polyesters

Developing Further Versatility in Benzoxazine Synthesis via Hydrolytic Ring-Opening

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About