“…Therefore, the industrial heritage area exhibits signi cant reliance on the subway for various aspects, including regional development planning, cultural and tourism integration for industrial heritage revitalization 3 , and balancing the ow of tourists and citizens during peak and trough periods 4 . These dependencies pose challenges to the regeneration of the old city industrial heritage areas, particularly concerning mixed development and ensuring e cient accessibility [5][6][7] . Simultaneously, due to issues such as property rights and con icting interests, old industrial areas lag behind in regional development, exhibit subjective decisions in functional positioning, rely on a single transformation mode, and lack sustainability.…”