Predictions of Pile Setup and Its Resistance Factors for South Louisiana

Wang, X.; Steward, Eric

doi:10.1061/41106(379)15

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Thereby, it would be unlikely for these states to abolish slavery in this situation, as it was vital for their economy, of which the majority was taken up by the cotton plantations. The slaves did not have the political power to vote to forbid slavery, and the system was well protected in the country [4].…”

Section: The American Civil Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on the Reasons for the Failure of Revolutions: A Comparison Between the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War

Cong

2023

LNEP

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The American Revolutionary War aimed for political equality, resulting in the independence of the United States and the retention of the social order. The law established after the movement preserved slavery without making a direct claim. In contrast, the target of the American Civil War was to abolish slavery. It gained legal success but failed to change American society. Treating citizens differently according to their skin colour was banned, however, racial segregation remained in the country. In this paper, the causes of the failure of the two revolutions mentioned above are discussed, focusing on their influences on laws and communities. The principles, aims, and results of the events are compared and contrasted, so as to discover the reasons why revolutions are not able to shape society according to their purposes. Conclusions can be drawn that revolutions do not succeed mainly due to two reasons: either because the laws that line up with the principles of the revolutions are not established as the revolutions themselves do not aim for the principles or because the principles are not carried out in society even if related laws are established, for the domestic force against them is too strong.

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Section: The American Civil Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on the Reasons for the Failure of Revolutions: A Comparison Between the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War

Cong

2023

LNEP

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“…Wang et al (2014) developed a growth-ratebased method, that can be used to predict the ultimate pile set-up, and the model could offer engineers a practical way to take pile set-up in pile foundation design by providing something like the set-up time T 90 -the real elapsed time after pile installation when 90 % of the ultimate shaft resistance has been reached. It is worthwhile to indicate that Liang (2006, 2007), Wang and Steward (2010) integrated the pile set-up in the LRFD design of driven piles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Pile Set-up Using 24-h Restrike Resistance and Computed Static Capacity for PPC Piles Driven in Soft Lousiana Coastal Deposits

2015

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In this paper, the CPT-based predicted ultimate pile resistances (R p ) were compared with the measured pile resistances (R m ) at different elapsed time for the piles driven into saturated soft clays where piles displayed significant set-up effect. The measured pile resistances were based on 115 restrike records collected from 95 production piles, and 74 records of 9 tested piles. The predicted ultimate pile resistances were calculated from the LCPC, the Schmertmann, and the de Ruiter-Beringen methods, respectively. With the significant pile set-up effect taken into account, the relationship between measured resistances and predicted capacities at different times after pile installation were investigated. The ratios of the measured pile resistances to the predicted capacities scattered in a large spectrum. The ratios fluctuated and stayed within a range of 0.6-1.6 for different CPT methods since end of initial driving until more than 2 months after pile installation. Plots of the ratios versus the predicted pile capacities using different CPT methods have revealed that the ratio (R m /R p ) presented a strong dependence on the predicted capacities. Great research efforts have been devoted to the analyses of the ratios of the 24-h measured resistance to the predicted capacity based on different CPT methods, in an attempt to find a feasible empirical correlation. It is found that a simple linear relationship exists between the quad root of the ratio and the predicted capacity. The developed empirical equations will give pile foundation engineers an insight into the ultimate resistances of driven piles demonstrating significant pile set-up effects. Pile set-up makes pile resistances grow with time, and it might be one of the reasons that cause the frequently reported large discrepancy between calculated static capacity and measured resistance at a certain time after pile installation.

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“…The setup phenomenon that occurs in soils can be attributed to dissipation of excess pore water pressure (or consolidation), thixotropy, and aging. Several empirical (e.g., 8, 9), numerical (e.g., 10,11), and analytical techniques (e.g., 4,12) have been proposed and developed over the past few decades to predict the amount of setup with time. In addition, several researchers (e.g., 4-7, 10) have conducted full-scale experimental field tests to measure the increase in pile resistance with time using static or dynamic tests or both.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of these first two phases depends on the soil type (cohesive or noncohesive), soil properties such as permeability and sensitivity, and pile type and size (2,6). In cohesive soils, the induced excess pore water pressure may dissipate slowly (12)(13)(14)(15). However, for noncohesive soils, the duration of the first two phases are expected to last several hours to several days since the completion of excess pore water induced by pile driving usually takes a shorter time to dissipate for coarse-grained soil (10,17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Study on Instrumenting and Testing Full-Scale Test Piles for Evaluating Setup Phenomenon

Haque

Abu-Farsakh

Chen

et al. 2014

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Over time, piles driven in cohesive soils usually experience a large increase in resistance, known as setup or freeze. Dynamic load tests (DLT) and static load tests (SLT) are usually performed to verify the axial resistances of piles at specific times after end of driving (EOD) and to quantify these resistances. An extensive field testing program was performed on full-scale instrumented precast prestressed concrete piles driven in cohesive soils at the Bayou Lacassine Bridge in Louisiana, to evaluate the pile setup phenomenon. The testing program included instrumenting two full-scale test piles with a network of vibrating wire strain gauges, pressure cells, and piezometers and instrumenting the surrounding soils with multilevel piezometers. Five SLTs and three DLTs were conducted on each test pile at different times after EOD to quantify the magnitude of setup. Measurements from the load tests on both piles confirmed that the pile setup after EOD followed a logarithmic rate with time. An increase in piles’ total resistances (or setup) of 1.60 to 1.77 times the EOD resistances was observed after the final restrikes. Piezometer data demonstrated a close relationship between the dissipation of excess pore water pressures that were generated during pile driving, following EOD, and pile setup. The load transfer curves derived from the strain gauge measurements were used to separate the side and tip resistance profiles from the total resistance. Piezometers installed in the ground showed that the influence zone, caused by pile driving, extends beyond the 3B distance (B = pile width).

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Predictions of Pile Setup and Its Resistance Factors for South Louisiana

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis on the Reasons for the Failure of Revolutions: A Comparison Between the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War

Analysis on the Reasons for the Failure of Revolutions: A Comparison Between the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War

Estimating Pile Set-up Using 24-h Restrike Resistance and Computed Static Capacity for PPC Piles Driven in Soft Lousiana Coastal Deposits

Case Study on Instrumenting and Testing Full-Scale Test Piles for Evaluating Setup Phenomenon

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