Predictive Engine Spark Timing Control

Automotive engine control and hybrid systems: challenges and opportunities

“…Note that the spark advance has to be bounded both from above and from below to prevent the mix from not burning uniformly, thus causing undesired knocking [41], [42] (upper bound) and from misfiring [43], [44] (lower bound), which causes undesired pollutants. These bounds depend on the revolution speed .…”