Predictive Genomics DNA Profiling for Athletic Performance

Abstract

Genes control biological processes such as muscle, cartilage and bone formation, muscle energy production and metabolism (mitochondriogenesis, lactic acid removal), blood and tissue oxygenation (erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, vasodilatation), all essential in sport and athletic performance. DNA sequence variations in such genes confer genetic advantages that can be exploited, or genetic 'barriers' that could be overcome to achieve optimal athletic performance. Predictive Genomic DNA Profiling for athletic performance reveals genetic variations that may be associated with better suitability for endurance, strength and speed sports, vulnerability to sports-related injuries and individualized nutritional requirements. Knowledge of genetic 'suitability' in respect to endurance capacity or strength and speed would lead to appropriate sport and athletic activity selection. Knowledge of genetic advantages and barriers would 'direct' an individualized training program, nutritional plan and nutritional supplementation to achieving optimal performance, overcoming 'barriers' that results from intense exercise and pressure under competition with minimum waste of time and energy and avoidance of health risks (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and musculoskeletal injuries) related to exercise, training and competition. Predictive Genomics DNA profiling for Athletics and Sports performance is developing into a tool for athletic activity and sport selection and for the formulation of individualized and personalized training and nutritional programs to optimize health and performance for the athlete. Human DNA sequences are patentable in some countries, while in others DNA testing methodologies [unless proprietary], are non patentable. On the other hand, gene and variant selection, genotype interpretation and the risk and suitability assigning algorithms based on the specific Genomic variants used are amenable to patent protection.

Genetics and sport performance: current challenges and directions to the future

“…e publication of Y et al 66 describing the in uence of the polymorphism R577X in ACTN3 gene on athletic performance had a major impact on the scienti c community and in general population. Some authors 67 have stated that the association of ACTN3 with the physical performance is su cient for using this polymorphism as a tool to select potential athletes. In 2004, just one year after complex interactions among many genes modulating phenotypes 42 .…”

“…Several researchers argue that genetics should be used as an aid for improving exercise prescription and optimizing training responses in non-athletes [75][76][77][78][79][80] . Although some authors have already published training recommendations according to athletes' genotype 67 , it must be noted that there is no currently available information to support any genotype-directed training for athletes. In fact, there is no study addressing how genotypes in uence training responses in athletes.…”

Role of genetic markers in sport and recreational physical activity

“…Посебно је изражен његов утицај на пози-тивно/негативно размишљање спортисте током такмичења. Тако би спортиста са Val66Val геноти-пом имао предиспозицију да боље савлада стрес и анксиозност (Kambouris, et al, 2012). …”

“…Познавање генетичких карактеристика спортиста би омогућила препознавање њихових специфичних нутритивних потреба у циљу побољ-шања спортског учинка (Kambouris, et al, 2012). Варијанте у генима за антиоксидативне ензиме глутатион S-трансферазу тета 1 (GSTT1), глутати-он пероксидазе 1 (GPX1), каталазу (CAT) утичу на способност одбране од слободних радикала и ок-сидативног стреса.…”

“…Варијанте у генима за антиоксидативне ензиме глутатион S-трансферазу тета 1 (GSTT1), глутати-он пероксидазе 1 (GPX1), каталазу (CAT) утичу на способност одбране од слободних радикала и ок-сидативног стреса. Персонализоване нутритивне препоруке би сходно изложеном могле значајно да побољшају антиоксидативну заштиту омогућавају-ћи одржање доброг здравља које ће омогућити оп-тимални спортски учинак (Kambouris, et al, 2012). Програми исхране за спортисте су традиционално осмишљени да задовољавају нутритивне потребе одређеног спорта на основу разних биохемијских маркера који указују на специфичне нутритивне потребе датог спорта.…”