Predictive modeling of microcracking in carbon‐fiber/epoxy composites at cryogenic temperatures

Timmerman, John F.; Seferis, James C.

doi:10.1002/app.13172

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus a laminate could have microcracks even before it is subjected to mechanical loads. Laminates subjected to cryogenic conditions and cyclic thermal loading exhibit significant microcracking even before they are mechanically loaded [31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Effect Of Thermal Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcracking in Cross-Ply Laminates due to Biaxial and Thermal Loading

Bapanapalli

Sankar

Primas³

2006

AIAA Journal

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This paper presents a methodology to predict microcracking and microcrack density in both surface and internal plies of a symmetric cross-ply laminate under biaxial mechanical and thermal loading conditions. The thermoelastic properties of the microcracked laminates at different crack densities were determined by finite element analysis of the unit cells bounded by the microcracks. Analytical expressions for the stiffness and coefficients of thermal expansion as functions of crack densities were obtained in the form of response surface approximations. These analytical expressions were then used to predict the formation of a new set of microcracks by equating the change in strain energy in the unit cell before and after the formation of the microcracks to the critical fracture energy required for their formation. Analytical expressions obtained as response surface approximations were also used to predict progressive microcracking. Both displacement and load control cases were considered along with thermal loading. Results from the current methodology agree very well with published data.

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Section: Effect Of Thermal Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcracking in Cross-Ply Laminates due to Biaxial and Thermal Loading

Bapanapalli

Sankar

Primas³

2006

AIAA Journal

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“…Thus, advanced PMCs have been considered as one of the possible materials for use in CCS such as cryogenic liquids tanks . On the other hand, the disparity between distinct parts of PMCs, namely fibers and matrix can develop thermal stresses at the fiber/matrix interface and between the different plies in PMC laminates when they are subjected to cryogenic conditions . These stresses are the result of the mismatch in the Poisson's ratio and/or coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the fibers and polymer matrix and mismatch in the CTE between plies with different orientations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cryogenic aging on nanophased fiber metal laminates and glass/epoxy composites

2018

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In this study, the idea of using fiber metal laminate (FML) for cryogenic applications has been proposed. Considering the cryogenic durability of 5,000 series of aluminum alloys, a novel FML based on the aluminum alloy 5083-H111 was successfully developed. The changes in the mechanical properties of the mentioned FMLs, as well as traditional plain weave E-glass/epoxy (GE) composites after exposure to cryogenic aging in LN 2 at a temperature of −196 C for 336 h was evaluated. In addition, an effort was made on improvement of the cryogenic durability of both laminate types by adding montmorillonite nanoclay particles into the polymeric matrix. The principal findings were the maximum flexural load, flexural stiffness, and impact strength of GE composites were negatively affected by cryogenic aging and decreased by 26.82, 5.13, and 14.06%, respectively, while these values for the aged FMLs were only 18.65, 4.54, and 9.56%, respectively. It was also found that the nanoclay could effectively improve the mechanical properties of both laminate types in pristine and aged conditions. This study can provide a preliminary guideline for the initial design of the cryogenic tanks based on FMLs.

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“…Optical microscopy [6,[20][21][22] and X-ray tomography [20] have been used as post fracture techniques for analysis of thermally stressed laminates. In situ methods for low temperature loading of samples have included optical microscopy [3,26,27] acoustic emission [28] and dynamic mechanical analysis [29]. These low temperature in situ techniques offer information of the fracture temperature and in the case of optical microscopy can offer quantification of cracks, but they are analytically intensive and produce limited information on the fracture progression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature driven failure of carbon epoxy composites – A quantitative full-field study

Wilson

Cinar

Mostafavi

et al. 2018

Composites Science and Technology

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Aerospace composites are exposed to low temperatures that induce high levels of stress within the material. This is sufficient to induce fractures and eventually delaminations and failure. Thus, understanding how these temperature induced translaminar fractures can be reduced is an important area of research. This work investigates cross-ply unidirectional (UD) and woven (W) carbon fibre laminates with MTM46 epoxy to assess how the cure schedule (low temperature, LTC and high temperature, HTC) effect temperature driven fractures. A novel digital image correlation technique was applied to determine in-situ fracture progression versus temperature. Thermal techniques investigated the degree of cure, resin plasticity, thermal expansion and beta transition effects. The cure schedule for carbon epoxy laminates has a marked effect on quantity of manufacturing induced fractures and the temperature at which temperature induced internal fracture occurs. This work has demonstrated that a lower temperature cure is more robust against temperature driven fracture despite having a larger coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and similar levels of plasticity. Low temperatures induce high internal stresses but the residual stress resulting from high temperature cure is of greater concern. DIC is an excellent method to determine onset and progression of translaminar fracture as well as the behaviour of composite materials subject to temperature effects. This work is of great benefit when considering the design of CFRP structures subject to low temperature loading, furthermore the data can be used to more accurately model this phenomena in future.

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Predictive modeling of microcracking in carbon‐fiber/epoxy composites at cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Microcracking in Cross-Ply Laminates due to Biaxial and Thermal Loading

Microcracking in Cross-Ply Laminates due to Biaxial and Thermal Loading

Effect of cryogenic aging on nanophased fiber metal laminates and glass/epoxy composites

Temperature driven failure of carbon epoxy composites – A quantitative full-field study

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