“…For computing the quantization tables for minimizing the mean-square error, we can use the Lloyd-Max algorithm (Gersho and Gray, 1992). For fast Vector Quantization (VQ), popular algorithms include the classified VQ (Cziho, 1998), the tree-structure VQ (Tong and Gray, 2000;Guo et al, 2001;Ordonez et al, 2001), and the multistage VQ (Khalil and Rose, 2001). Khalil and Rose (2001) built predictive multistage vector quantizers for low bit rate video coding.…”