Predictive phytotoxic value of water-soluble allelochemicals in plant extracts for choosing a cover crop or mulch for specific weed control

Abstract

Cover crops and mulches have become an alternative for soil management in vineyards due to the agronomic, environmental, and economic advantages, especially the possibility of weed control. Implicitly to this objective lies the idea of assessing the potential herbicide effect of the allelochemicals released by different cover crop and mulch species. With this objective, the present work evaluated the phytotoxic effects of 12 aqueous extracts of selected species with potential use as a cover crop or mulch: a Bromus species mixture (B. hordeaceus L. and B. rubens L.), Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Hordeum murinum L., H. vulgare L., Vulpia ciliata Dumort., Medicago rugosa Desr., M. sativa L., Trifolium subterraneum L., T. incarnatum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Sinapis alba L., and Pinus sylvestris L.,on the germination and early growth of three troublesome weeds (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron, and Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J.). The different in vitro bioassays showed that aqueous extracts of some species significantly inhibited or reduced germination and root and shoot growth of the target weed species in a dose-response manner. Germination of A. squamatus and C. bonariensis was reduced by 100-80% by the different extracts applied at 50% concentration, and completely blocked at 100% concentration, except for M rugosa extract to which both species showed less sensitivity. Root elongation of A. squamatus was absolutely inhibited under every extract and concentration, whereas C. bonariensis root growth showed only some tolerance to the crude extracts of F. arundinaceaand P. sylvestris. Bassia scoparia was relatively tolerant to the aqueous plant extracts, except for T. subterraneum crude extract, which reduced total germination by 80%; otherwise, B. scoparia showed higher general sensitivity of shoot growth than the other two weed species.
 The chemical profiles of phenolic compounds of the aqueous extracts were obtained and identified by HPLC-DAD, the phenolic profiles of H. murinum, V. ciliata, and M. rugosa being reported in this work for the first time. Using stepwise regression, the influence of certain phenolic compounds from the aqueous extracts on the germination and early growth of weeds was predicted. Among other significant compounds, the flavonoid naringenin identified in T. subterraneumaqueous extract at 8.09 µg·mL-1 was predicted to underlie its specific phytotoxicity on B. scoparia germination. These results support the use of cover crops and mulches in weed management and can help to select the most suitable species to adopt according to the target weed species.
 Highlights
 
 The phytotoxic nature of the aqueous extracts of twelve conventional and novel cover crops and mulch species was demonstrated on three troublesome weed species in vineyards.
 Phenolic acids and flavonoids of the twelve aqueous extracts were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD, and, by regression analysis, some allelochemicals were postulated as responsible for the phytotoxic effects.
 The water-soluble phenolic profiles of three potential cover crops, namely Hordeum murinum, Vulpia ciliata, and Medicago rugosa, are reported for the first time.
 In vitro germination and early root growth of Conyza bonariensis and Aster squamatus were almost entirely restricted by any of the twelve plants' aqueous extracts and presumably by the joint action of their particular allelopathic compounds.
 Bassia scoparia germination was relatively much less sensitive to the extracts, except for Trifolium subterraneum, for which the flavonoid naringenin was predicted to underlie its specific phytotoxicity.

The Potential of Cover Crops for Weed Management: A Sole Tool or Component of an Integrated Weed Management System?

“…Species included Bromus hordeaceus, B. rubens , Festuca arundinacea , Hordeum murinum , H. vulgare , Vulpia ciliata , Medicago rugosa , M. sativa , Trifolium subterraneum , T. incarnatum , Phacelia tanacetifolia , Sinapis alba , and Pinus sylvestris on three weed species Conyza bonariensis , Aster squamatus , and Bassia scoparia . Their results showed differential effects of the extracts in the suppression of the three weed species and concluded that aqueous extracts of some of these species demonstrated that they had potential to be used as cover crops for weed suppression [ 88 ].…”

Dynamics of Cynodon dactylon and weed community composition in different cover crops in a vineyard

“…Besides, weeds that manage to survive and produce seeds within the cover crop, have to face the mulching effect caused by the mowed residues of the cover crop. These residues act as a physical barrier and can also release allelochemicals (Lemessa & Wakjira, 2015; Puig et al, 2021), which can impair further growth and prevent weed germination. Despite this, the weed suppression capability of cover crops is highly dependent on the characteristics of both the selected cover crop and the target weed species (Baraibar et al, 2017; Lemessa & Wakjira, 2015).…”

“…The appropriate cover crop species for weed control needs to be selected based on its growth rate or leaf area development, time of establishment, self‐seeding capacity, amount of potential biomass produced, competitive ability or allelopathic potential (Ibáñez, 2015; Lemessa & Wakjira, 2015; Puig et al, 2021). Also, in water limited vineyards, like those in semiarid Mediterranean climates, cover crop species must be carefully chosen to prevent competition with vines; usually, those with short life cycle are chosen (Sullivan, 2003).…”

“…A frequently implemented cover crop in vineyards is Festuca arundinacea L., a perennial species that prevents soil erosion and, can simultaneously, reduce the vine's excessive vigour (Chou & Vanden Heuvel, 2019; Coniberti et al, 2018). Moreover, this species does not require annual seeding, and some studies have reported its allelopathic potential (Bertoldi et al, 2012; Puig et al, 2021). All these characteristics make this species a suitable cover crop for reducing weed germination and development.…”

Phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of Juglans regia L. leaf extract

“…Under natural environmental conditions, allelopathy occurs when chemicals produced by plants are released onto neighboring plants in the same population, affecting their germination, development, reproduction, and survival. Various allelopathic compounds, extracted from numerous different plant species, have already been tested for potential use in weed control within organic agricultural systems, and many of them have demonstrated destructive effects on some weed plants, inhibiting their seed germination and shoot and root elongation and disrupting their photosynthesis and water/nutrient uptake (Grisi et al, 2015;Jang et al, 2018;Puig et al, 2021). As the half-lives of natural compounds with allelopathic capacities are usually short-lived, there would be no concerns regarding residues in soil.…”