Predictive role of external carotid artery vasospasm on cerebral ischemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage: experimental study

Abstract

AIm: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may lead to a devastating neurological outcome by inducing cerebral ischemia. However the role of external carotid artery (ECA) vasospasm has been rarely reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of ECA vasospasm on cerebral ischemia related neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex after SAH. mATERIAl and mEThODS:This study was performed on 23 rabbits, divided into three groups: control (n=5), sham (n=5), and SAH (n=13). Experimental SAH was performed by injecting 0.75 mL auricular arterial homologous blood into the cisterna magna. After three weeks, the animals were decapitated and the common carotid arteries with their external and internal branches and the brains were examined histopathologically. Vasospasm indexes (VSI) of ECAs and internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and degenerated glial cell numbers of temporal cortices (n/mm 3 ) were estimated stereologically and the results were compared statistically. CONClUSION: ECA vasospasm was observed to have a more important predictive role on the serious cerebral ischemia and neuronal degeneration after SAH. The mechanism may be related to ischemia of the parasympathetic ganglia of the lower cranial nerves and dorsal root ganglion. RESUlTS

First definition of burned choroid plexus in acidic cerebrospinal fluid‐filled brain ventricles during subarachnoid hemorrhage: Experimental study

“…The CP arteries are dilated by trigeminal nerve fibers . The external carotid artery spasm may be prevented by the parasympathetic cranial nerves, dorsal root ganglia . Nodose ganglia‐linked ischemia may result in cardiac arrest with developing indirect sympathetic overactivity based on Takotsubo‐like cardiomyopathy .…”

How Reliable Is Pupillary Evaluation Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? Effect of Oculomotor Nerve Degeneration Secondary to Posterior Communicating Artery Vasospasm: First Experimental Study

“…The neuron density of peripheral nerve ganglions plays a regulatory role in these functions. 16,21 The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system disorders appear to be important factors in pupillary diameter changes.…”

“…We showed in our previous studies that SAH can cause vasospasm of both intracranial, 15 and extracranial arteries 21 and also spinal cord arteries. 13 Thus we may state that other networks of pupillary light reflex are also affected by vasospasm.…”

Describing a New Mechanism of Retinal Detachment Secondary to Ophthalmic Artery Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Experimental Study

“…2 SAH accounts for $ 5 to 10% of strokes. 3 Some evidence indicates surgical manipulation of the nervous system has been performed for > 12,000 years. 4,5 At present, neurosurgical practice is affected by an explosion of technology.…”

“…Cerebrovascular sensory nerves originate mainly from the trigemino-cerebrovascular system. 3 Because the eyes are part of the brain, autoregulation of retinal arteries, arising from the ophthalmic artery, is very similarly to that of cerebral arteries. The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) is also known as the sphenopalatine ganglion.…”