“…EPPM is one of the models that is widely used to test various cases regarding persuasion messages with a fear approach, including about driving safety (Cismaru, 2014) ; (Jung & Brann, 2014) ; (Kennedy et al, 2018), healthy lifestyle and health (Moylett & Hevey, 2019) ; (Ahn & Noh, 2021) ; (Zhao & Wu, 2021) ; (Engelbrecht et al, 2022) ; (Mousavi et al, 2022), including its relation to tobacco or cigarettes (Zarghami et al, 2021) ; (Chen & Chen, 2021) ; (Hosseini et al, 2022) and e-cigarettes (Noone, 2020) ; (Escoto et al, 2021) ; (Sun et al, 2021).…”