Predictors of catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure in rural Egypt: application of the heteroskedastic probit model

Abdel-Rahman, Suzan; Shoaeb, Farouk; Fattah, Mohamed Naguib Abdel; Abonazel, Mohamed R.

doi:10.1186/s42506-021-00086-x

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The chi-square statistic was 259, which showed that the total variables of the models are statistically significant differences from 0 and are significant. Given that the estimation of the selection equations was conducted based on the bivariate probit method, the coefficients obtained in these two equations are only suitable for examining the direction of effects (22,23). The marginal effects were used to examine the a Source: Author's findings effect of each of the independent variables on the probability of health insurance purchasing and purchasing from the health market, the results of which were presented in the sixth column of Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Health Insurance in Facing Health Expenditures Among Urban Female-headed Households in Iran

Ghaderi¹

2023

Shiraz E-Med J

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Background: Health insurance is one of the important parts of financing in the health system to reduce inequality in household health expenditures. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the role of health insurance in facing health expenditures among urban female-headed households in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical applied study was performed cross-sectionally using the double-sample selection econometrics method in Stata software (version 16) in 2021. The sample included 2645 female-headed households, and the data were prepared by the Statistics Center of Iran using a questionnaire. Results: The results showed that social security insurance, private insurance, and insurance of special organizations led to an increase in the health expenditures of female-headed households by 159896, 334137, and 18332 Rials, respectively. Increasing household size, having children, having an elderly person, increasing per capita income, and per capita tobacco expenditures led to an increase in the health expenditures of female-headed households by 875260, 1545153, 2441094, 0.32, and 1.65 Rials, respectively. Conclusions: Private insurance, social security insurance, and insurance of special organizations had the greatest impact on increasing the health expenditures of female-headed households, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to create an integrated health insurance system that reduces insurance organizations and funds and provides the same level of coverage for health goods and services. It is also suggested to adopt policies to increase the educational level of female-headed households to reduce health expenditures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Health Insurance in Facing Health Expenditures Among Urban Female-headed Households in Iran

Ghaderi¹

2023

Shiraz E-Med J

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“…Abdel-Rahman et al, reported that in Egypt, urban areas have captured the largest percentage of public health spending, whereas rural areas have invariably received less attention and are poorly funded which can explain the differences detected between the anthropometric measurements and nutritional data of the studied urban and rural areas. Moreover, rural areas are characterized by low levels of income, education, and economic development [22]. Additionally, Sharaf and Rashad [23] suggested earlier that while child health has improved tremendously in Egypt, socioeconomic discrepancies remain considerable which can explain the more undernutrition burden in rural areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outpatient Nutritional Screening and Rehabilitation of Malnourished Egyptian Children: Are Rural Areas at More Risk?

Nassar

Abdel-Wahed

Abdelhaleem

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Malnutrition presents a major global health burden. In Egypt, it remains an important issue in children under 5 years especially in urban communities. This increased the interest in screening the pediatrics outpatient clinics for early detection and proper management of malnutrition. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to screen 2–5 years old children enrolled from Egyptian hospitals in rural and urban areas for the risk of malnutrition using Screening Tool for Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatric (STAMP) and to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional intervention program. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 patients recruited from Bolaque El-Dakror hospital in urban Cairo, and El-Badrashine hospital representing rural areas. Dietary history and anthropometric measurements were assessed. Patients at intermediate and severe risk of malnutrition according to STAMP were given tailored nutritional programs and were followed up. Results In the rural hospital, 4.4% of the screened children were underweight, 22.2% were marginally underweight, and 73.3% had normal weight. Regarding the urban hospital, 15.6% were marginally underweight, 84.4% had normal weight and no patients were underweight. Among the rural group 46.7% were at low risk of malnutrition, 17.8% were at intermediate risk and 35.6% were at high risk according to STAMP score results. In the urban group 71.1% were at low risk, 8.9% were at intermediate risk and 20% were at high risk. Nevertheless, the only significant differences were the more stunting and higher BMI in rural hospital patients. After nutritional intervention, high-risk category patients decreased in both groups coupled by significant improvement in the anthropometric parameters and nutrition data with no significant differences between them. Conclusion Nutritional education and prompt implementation of nutritional rehabilitation program for malnourished children detected by screening tools result in improvement in their nutritional status disregards their location whether urban or rural.

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“…Since the values of the explained variable in this paper are discrete data, regression by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method will cause bias in the results. Therefore, we referred to Abdel-Rahman et al [44] and Sun and Lyu [45] using a panel Probit regression to explore the relationship between the core explanatory variables and the explained variable. We also fit a mediating effect model and used this model to examine the influence mechanism of housing security and catastrophic health expenditures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating Population, Housing Security and Family Medical Economic Risk

Zhang

Zhu

2022

Sustainability

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With the rapid development of China’s economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the country’s housing security system is constantly improving. To address the housing difficulties experienced by low- and middle-income populations, China has formulated the housing provident fund system and the affordable housing system. However, especially for the floating population, housing and medical security have not resulted in an equalization of services. We thus analyze data from Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to describe the influence of housing security on the family medical economic risk of the floating population. According to the results, the payment of housing provident fund can effectively reduce the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures. In contrast, per capita financial expenditure on affordable housing will significantly increase family medical economic risk. Heterogeneity tests based on the household register and income levels show that the impacts of housing security vary across populations. In addition, the influence mechanism analysis shows that the impact is mediated through housing mortgage loans. Based on the conclusions drawn, three policy recommendations of optimizing the guarantee function of the housing provident fund system, expanding the coverage of affordable housing policy, and promoting the coordinated development of housing and medical security are proposed. This research not only has theoretical and practical significance for the establishment of the security system for the floating population in China but also provides an effective reference for the development of housing and medical security systems in other countries.

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Predictors of catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure in rural Egypt: application of the heteroskedastic probit model

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Role of Health Insurance in Facing Health Expenditures Among Urban Female-headed Households in Iran

Role of Health Insurance in Facing Health Expenditures Among Urban Female-headed Households in Iran

Outpatient Nutritional Screening and Rehabilitation of Malnourished Egyptian Children: Are Rural Areas at More Risk?

Floating Population, Housing Security and Family Medical Economic Risk

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