Predictors of poor 6-week outcome in a cohort of major depressive disorder patients treated with antidepressant medication: the role of entrapment

Carvalho, Serafim; Caetano, Filipa; Pinto‐Gouveia, José; Mota-Pereira, Jorge; Maia, Dulce; Pimentel, Paulo; Priscila, Cátia; Gilbert, Paul

doi:10.1080/08039488.2020.1790657

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…We asked our respondents—all of whom reported having used alcohol, opioids, or psychostimulants in the previous six months—about introversion, changes in drug use during the pandemic, and changes in their sense of entrapment . Entrapment is a feeling of being unable to escape internal and/or external stressors and has been linked to depression and suicidal behavior ( Carvalho et al, 2021 ; Gilbert & Allan, 1998 ; Höller et al, 2021 ; Stenzel et al, 2020 ). Increased entrapment seems likely to result from a mismatch between social preferences and social circumstances—and might plausibly cause more drug use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Were self-described introverts "immune" to increased drug use and entrapment during the pandemic?

Panlilio

Lee

Smith

et al. 2022

Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports

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Background Social restrictions and other stressors related to the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted daily life in ways that might have increased drug use and undermined mental health. We investigated whether such changes depended on the amount and quality of a person's social activity. We also evaluated the popular idea that effects of pandemic-related restrictions would depend on introversion; to this end, we used self-described introversion as a proxy for preferred frequency of social activity. Methods Between September 2020 and March 2021, we obtained online-survey data from 2,615 respondents who retrospectively reported alcohol, opioid, or psychostimulant use. We analyzed (1) changes in drug use and entrapment (a psychological construct linked to suicidality) as a function of introversion and the frequency and quality of social activity, and (2) changes in drug use as a function of change in entrapment. Results Most felt more entrapped during the pandemic, but only a minority increased drug use. Generally: (1) entrapment and drug use increased in respondents unsatisfied with their social activity, (2) introversion and frequency of activity had less influence than satisfaction, (3) introverts reported more symptoms of entrapment, anxiety, depression, and loneliness than non-introverts, (4) when social activity was frequent and unsatisfying, psychostimulant use increased in introverts and opioid use increased in extraverts, (5) alcohol use increased in those who felt increased entrapment, and (6) alcohol and opioid use decreased in those who felt decreased entrapment. Conclusions Satisfactory social activity (even in small amounts) was associated with better outcomes, mostly without regard to introversion.

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