Predisposing factors for oropharyngeal colonization of yeasts in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract

Despite previous studies showing that protease inhibitors decreased Candida adhesion to epithelial cells in vitro, the current study found protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy predisposed to oropharyngeal yeast colonization in HIV-infected patients.

Iranian HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis: identification, prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species

“…Katiraee et al (2010a,b) and Badiee et al (2010) reported incidence of oral candidiasis of 59Á0 and 71Á5%, respectively, in Iranian HIVinfected patients. Similar prevalence rates of oral candidiasis were reported in different countries, for example, in Taiwan 51Á4%, Lebanon 76Á0%, Cameroon 73Á0% and South Africa 60Á0% (Lin et al 2013;dos Santos Abrantes et al 2014;Berberi et al 2015). In addition, Katiraee et al (2010a,b) revealed that the most common symptoms of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients were thrush (38Á0%) and perleche (20Á0%).…”

“…Similar prevalence rates of oral candidiasis were reported in different countries, for example, in Taiwan 51·4%, Lebanon 76·0%, Cameroon 73·0% and South Africa 60·0% (Lin et al . ; dos Santos Abrantes et al . ; Berberi et al .…”

“…Oral lesions related to HIV infection have been described not only in AIDS patients but also in persons at early stages of HIV infection (de Repentigny et al 2004;Fidel 2011;Petruzzi et al 2013). In this context, HIV infection is an important predisposing factor for opportunistic microbial infections, particularly oral candidiasis (Anwar et al 2012;Lin et al 2013;dos Santos Abrantes et al 2014). The most common clinical signs of OPC in HIV-positive patients are thrush, erythematous candidiasis, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and angular cheilitis (perleche) (Walmsley et al 2001;de Repentigny et al 2004;Soysa and Ellepola 2005).…”

“…The most common clinical signs of OPC in HIV-positive patients are thrush, erythematous candidiasis, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and angular cheilitis (perleche) (Walmsley et al 2001;de Repentigny et al 2004;Soysa and Ellepola 2005). Candida albicans is the most frequent aetiological agent of OPC; however, non-C. albicans species (e.g., C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis and C. krusei) have been increasing noticeably over the last decades (Walmsley et al 2001;Badiee et al 2010;Lin et al 2013).…”

British HIV Association guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV: The clinical management of Candidiasis 2019

“…The rates of non‐ albicans Candida spp. continue to rise to approximately 30% in many cohorts, influenced by geographical location and resource setting . Recent US data suggest that C. albicans is responsible for 62–68% of oropharyngeal Candida spp.…”