Predominance of antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccine breakthrough cases from the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Servellita, Venice; Morris, Mary-Kate; Sotomayor-González, Alicia; Gliwa, Amelia; Torres, Erika E. Rodriguez; Brazer, Noah; Zhou, Alicia Y.; Hernandez, Katherine; Sankaran, Madeline; Wang, Baolin; Wong, Daniel; Wang, Candace; Zhang, Yueyuan; Reyes, Kevin; Glasner, Dustin R.; Deng, Wayne; Streithorst, Jessica; Miller, Steve; Frias, Edwin C.; Hackett, John; Hanson, Carl V.; Wadford, Debra A.; Philip, Susan; Sachdev, Darpun; Chiu, Charles Y.

doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.21262139

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These cases of reinfection as well as those previously reported for the variants P.2/Gamma in Brazil 17,23,24 are consistent with the described capability of viruses carrying the substitution S:E484K to escape from anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 7-9 and to cause SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated persons 37-39 . These observations are also consistent with previous studies that showed that variant Gamma is more resistant to neutralization by sera from convalescent/vaccinated patients than ancestral Wuhan related strains 40-45 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A case series of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections caused by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil

Naveca

Nascimento

et al. 2021

Preprint

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SummaryThe rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC) Gamma during late 2020 and early 2021 in Brazilian settings with high seroprevalence raised some concern about the potential role of reinfections in driving the epidemic. Very few cases of reinfection associated with the VOC Gamma, however, have been reported. Here we describe 25 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection confirmed by real-time RT-PCR twice within months apart in Brazil. SARS-CoV-2 genomic analysis confirmed that individuals were primo-infected between March and December 2020 with distinct viral lineages, including B.1.1, B.1.1.28, B.1.1.33, B.1.195 and P.2, and then reinfected with the VOC Gamma between 3 to 12 months after primo-infection. The overall mean cycle threshold (Ct) value of the first (25.7) and second (24.5) episodes were roughly similar for the whole group and 14 individuals displayed mean Ct values < 25.0 at reinfection. Sera of 14 patients tested by plaque reduction neutralization test after reinfection displayed detectable neutralizing antibodies against Gamma and other SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.33, B.1.1.28 and Delta). All individuals have milder or no symptoms after reinfection and none required hospitalization. The present study demonstrates that the VOC Gamma was associated with reinfections during the second Brazilian epidemic wave in 2021 and raised concern about the potential infectiousness of reinfected subjects. Although individuals here analyzed failed to mount a long-term sterilizing immunity, they developed a high anti-Gamma neutralizing antibody response after reinfection that may provide some protection against severe disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A case series of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections caused by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil

Naveca

Nascimento

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Such discussion is all the more needed that vaccine efficiency has been reported dropping far from 100% with time and variants for most vaccines, including Pfizer, and that their ability to stop transmission by asymptomatic infection is questionable (Hacisuleyman et al, 2021;Servellita et al, 2021). It is most probable that vaccination alone will not be enough to stop the epidemic spreading via airborne contamination, because present vaccines do not provide a 100% immunity, especially with new variants such as omicron, although it will result in a strong reduction of the gravity of infection and of its consequences.…”

Section: Implications Of Increased Airborne Contamination For Health ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased airborne transmission of COVID-19 with new variants, Implications for health policies

Rowe¹,

Canosa

Meslem

et al. 2022

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The aim of the present paper is to highlight that new variants, either of higher viral load such as delta or higher contagiousness like omicron, lead to an even higher airborne transmission than historical strains. We first review the question of the route of contamination and of the dose following exposure, and the importance of the counting unit for pathogens, itself linked to the dose-response law. Using the counting unit of Wells, i.e. the quantum of contagium, we develop the conservation equation of quanta which allows deriving the value of the quantum concentration at steady state for a well-mixed room. With the choice of an exponential response function, this leads to the famous Wells-Riley equation. The analysis points out the importance of a number of parameters such as the time of exposure, the quantum production rate, mask wearing and the incidence rate in the population in order to evaluate the risk. The link with the monitoring concentration of carbon dioxide is made and used for a risk analysis of a variety of situations for which we have made concrete CO2 time monitoring. The main conclusion of these observations is that the present norms of ventilation, already insufficient, are not respected, especially in a variety of public premises, leading to high risk of contamination. Finally, we insist that public health policy in the field of airborne transmission should be based on a multi parameter analysis, considering the whole complexity of dose evaluation.

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“…We analyzed a large sample that represents the general population of the U.S. west coast. Previous published studies in the U.S. (9,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) are limited to a cohort with specific characteristics, such as health-care workers (6,15,23,27), patients with specific comorbidities (28)(29)(30), veterans (9,24,29,31), patients of academic hospitals (32,33). PSJH is a community-served hospital that covers five states of the west coast in both rural and urban areas.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to reinfection and vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections: a retrospective cohort study

Molani

Baumgartner

Hwang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: It is important to understand how BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and JNJ-78436735 COVID-19 vaccines, as well as prior infection, protect against breakthrough cases and reinfections. Real world evidence on acquired immunity from vaccines, and from SARS-CoV-2 infection, can help public health decision-makers understand disease dynamics and viral escape to inform resource allocation for curbing the spread of pandemic. Methods: This retrospective cohort study presents demographic information, survival functions, and probability distributions for 2,627,914 patients who received recommended doses of COVID-19 vaccines, and 63,691 patients who had a prior COVID-19 infection. In addition, patients receiving different vaccines were matched by age, sex, ethnic group, state of residency, and the quarter of the year in 2021 the COVID-19 vaccine was completed, to support survival analysis on pairwise matched cohorts. Findings: Each of the three vaccines and infection-induced immunity all showed a high probability of survival against breakthrough or reinfection cases (mRNA-1273: 0.997, BNT162b2: 0.997, JNJ-78436735: 0.992, previous infection: 0.965 at 180 days). The incidence rate of reinfection among those unvaccinated and previously infected was higher than that of breakthrough among the vaccinated population (reinfection: 0.9%; breakthrough:0.4%). In addition, 280 vaccinated patients died (0.01% all-cause mortality) within 21 days of the last vaccine dose, and 5898 (3.1 %) died within 21 days of a positive COVID-19 test. Conclusions: Despite a gradual decline in vaccine-induced and infection-induced immunity, both acquired immunities were highly effective in preventing breakthrough and reinfection. In addition, for unvaccinated patients with COVID-19, those who did not die within 90 days of their initial infection (9565 deaths, 5.0% all-cause mortality rate), had a comparable asymptotic pattern of breakthrough infection as those who acquired immunity from a vaccine. Overall, the risks associated with COVID-19 infection are far greater than the marginal advantages of immunity acquired by prior infection.

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Predominance of antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccine breakthrough cases from the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

A case series of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections caused by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil

A case series of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections caused by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil

Increased airborne transmission of COVID-19 with new variants, Implications for health policies

Time to reinfection and vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections: a retrospective cohort study

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