Preface

Abstract

A variety of radiopharmaceuticals have been introduced for the internal therapy of malignant and inflammatory lesions in nuclear medicine. In order to destroy the diseased tissues radionuclides with high linear energy transfer (LET) such as beta, alpha, Auger or low energy conversion electron emitters are needed. The range of beta particles is in mm's so they are effective for large tumors. The range of alpha particles is short, only a few cell diameters. Thus, they are effective in treating circulating malignant cells and micrometastases. The range of Auger and conversion electrons is <0.1 micro m. They are very effective in cell killing when they are carried across cell membrane into the nucleus to damage DNA. Appropriate ions, molecules and particles are labelled with such radionuclides and used as radiopharmaceuticals in many different applications. For an effective dose to be delivered high target to non target ratios must be attained. Monoclonal antibodies to specific antigens expressed on tumor cells have been developed to increase the uptake by malignant tissues by specific accumulation. Radiolabelled peptides such as somatostatin, small molecules such as metaiodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) and many different nano-and micro-particles have been investigated. The effectiveness of therapy can be increased by direct locoregional administration of the radiopharmaceutical. This way the radiation effects are confined locally and the normal tissues are spared from radiation effects. In this review article selection criteria and characteristics of radionuclides and carrier ions, molecules and particles for various therapeutic applications will be discussed, including mainly the recent developments.

Cell-type-specific, Aptamer-functionalized Agents for Targeted Disease Therapy

“…In this way, the drug is localized and concentrated at the targeted site. Although some therapies may not need to be internalized by cells, 8,9 it might be beneficial for drugs that lack penetrability. 10 After ligand-receptor binding, the receptors are readily internalized by the cell and rapidly reexpressed on the cell surface to allow for repeated targeting and internalization.…”

Investigation of SP94 Peptide as a Specific Probe for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging and Therapy

“…188 Re is an attractive radionuclide for targeted radiotherapy and imaging because of its optimal physical characteristics of high-energy β -particles (E max = 2.12 MeV) and γ-photons (155-keV) in 15% abundance 16 17 . In addition, strong tissue penetration effects (max 11 mm, mean range 3.5 mm), suitable half-life (16.9 hours) and convenient availability from a generator have greatly increased the research and clinical application of 188 Re-labeled radiopharmaceuticals 18 19 .…”

Radiometals for imaging and theranostics, current production, and future perspectives

“…Among radiometals, there are gamma-particle and positron emitters, beta-particle and alpha-particle emitters, and Auger-electron emitters. [1][2][3] The radiometals have played an important role since the early days of nuclear medicine. For example, 89 Sr has been used as 89 Sr 2+ ion because of its biological behaviour, which is similar to that of calcium.…”