Preference for outbred host plants and positive effects of inbreeding on egg survival in a specialist herbivore

Kalske, Aino; Muola, Anne; Mutikäinen, Pia; Leimu, Roosa

doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1421

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These results agree with previous findings that host genotypic diversity at the patch or population level increases arthropod abundance (Crutsinger et al 2006, Johnson et al 2006, and that the heterozygosity and genotype of individual hosts may affect herbivore abundance to significant degrees (Evans et al 2012, Kalske et al 2014. Effects of heterozygosity have previously been reported e.g., by Tovar-Sánchez et al (2013), who found total arthropod biomass to decrease with increasing heterozygosity of the host and interpreted this as a potential sign of weaker defense in more homozygous hosts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an oak population at its range limit

Pohjanmies

Tack

Pulkkinen³

et al. 2015

Ecosphere

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Citation: Pohjanmies, T., A. J. M. Tack, P. Pulkkinen, S. Elshibli, P. Vakkari, and T. Roslin. 2015. Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an oak population at its range limit. Ecosphere 6(6):101. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1890/ES14-00549.1Abstract. Host genetic diversity and genotypic identity have been reported to affect the abundance, species richness and species diversity of associated herbivore communities. Recent work, however, suggests that these effects are highly context-dependent and that the magnitude and direction of the effects may vary with e.g., spatial factors and the amount of genetic variation present in the host population. Here, we use observational data on a Finnish oak (Quercus robur) population to examine whether low genetic diversity within peripheral populations reduces the impact of host genotype on associated herbivore communities. We first compared measures of genetic variation within Finnish oak populations with those recorded in more central parts of the species' range, confirming that genetic variation within the Finnish populations is comparatively low. Despite this result, we found consistent imprints of host genetic diversity on herbivore communities: herbivore load, but not the species richness, increased with host genetic diversity in both years and both spatial scales examined. Spatial connectivity of hosts increased herbivore diversity as well as abundance. While the similarity of herbivore communities increased with the genetic similarity among hosts, the effect of geographic distance was stronger. Overall, our findings identify a major role for spatial context in structuring oak-associated herbivore communities-but we still trace detectable imprints of host genotype at multiple spatial scales even in this peripheral, genetically impoverished oak population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…For example, host genetic diversity may increase the abundance of associated arthropods at the level of individual plants e.g., by herbivore preference (cf. Gripenberg et al 2010, Kalske et al 2014, or at the level of plant populations e.g., by increased resource availability (Crutsinger et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an oak population at its range limit

Pohjanmies

Tack

Pulkkinen³

et al. 2015

Ecosphere

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“…; this study). Climatic variation, predation, and parasitism of eggs and larvae are likely to be the main contributors to variation in herbivore population size (Förare and Solbreck 1997;Kalske et al 2014a; this study). In a previous study, V. hirundinaria plants from two of four populations were locally adapted to sympatric herbivores (A. asclepiadis) in terms of resistance (Kalske et al 2012) and herbivores from two populations were locally adapted to their host plant (Kalske et al 2012;Laukkanen et al 2012).…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Spatiotemporal variation in local adaptation of a specialist insect herbivore to its long-lived host plant

2016

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Local adaptation of interacting species to one another indicates geographically variable reciprocal selection. This process of adaptation is central in the organization and maintenance of genetic variation across populations. Given that the strength of selection and responses to it often vary in time and space, the strength of local adaptation should in theory vary between generations and among populations. However, such spatiotemporal variation has rarely been explicitly demonstrated in nature and local adaptation is commonly considered to be relatively static. We report persistent local adaptation of the short-lived herbivore Abrostola asclepiadis to its long-lived host plant Vincetoxicum hirundinaria over three successive generations in two studied populations and considerable temporal variation in local adaptation in six populations supporting the geographic mosaic theory. The observed variation in local adaptation among populations was best explained by geographic distance and population isolation, suggesting that gene flow reduces local adaptation. Changes in herbivore population size did not conclusively explain temporal variation in local adaptation. Our results also imply that short-term studies are likely to capture only a part of the existing variation in local adaptation.

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Prospects of herbivore egg‐killing plant defenses for sustainable crop protection

Fatouros¹,

Cusumano

Danchin

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Due to a growing demand of food production worldwide, new strategies are suggested to allow for sustainable production of food with minimal effects on natural resources. A promising alternative to the application of chemical pesticides is the implementation of crops resistant to insect pests. Plants produce compounds that are harmful to a wide range of attackers, including insect pests; thus, exploitation of their natural defense system can be the key for the development of pest‐resistant crops. Interestingly, some plants possess a unique first line of defense that eliminates the enemy before it becomes destructive: egg‐killing. Insect eggs can trigger (1) direct defenses, mostly including plant cell tissue growth or cell death that lead to eggs desiccating, being crushed or falling off the plant or (2) indirect defenses, plant chemical cues recruiting natural enemies that kill the egg or hatching larvae (parasitoids). The consequences of plant responses to eggs are that insect larvae do not hatch or that they are impeded in development, and damage to the plant is reduced. Here, we provide an overview on the ubiquity and evolutionary history of egg‐killing traits within the plant kingdom including crops. Up to now, little is known on the mechanisms and on the genetic basis of egg‐killing traits. Making use of egg‐killing defense traits in crops is a promising new way to sustainably reduce losses of crop yield. We provide suggestions for new breeding strategies to grow egg‐killing crops and improve biological control.

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Preference for outbred host plants and positive effects of inbreeding on egg survival in a specialist herbivore

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an oak population at its range limit

Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an oak population at its range limit

Spatiotemporal variation in local adaptation of a specialist insect herbivore to its long-lived host plant

Prospects of herbivore egg‐killing plant defenses for sustainable crop protection

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