Preferential accumulation of betaine uncoupled to choline monooxygenase in young leaves of sugar beet – Importance of long-distance translocation of betaine under normal and salt-stressed conditions

Characterization of a novel glycinebetaine/proline transporter gene expressed in the mestome sheath and lateral root cap cells in barley

“…Under salt stress, the support was achieved by proline mediated by salt-inducible HvProT1. The expression patterns of HvProT2 is unique, since expression of other ProT genes, such as HvProT1, AtProT2, AmBet/ProT1-3, BvBet/ ProT1 is clearly induced upon salt stress (Rentsch et al 1996;Ueda et al 2001;Waditee et al 2002;Yamada et al 2009). However, it must be noted that salt tolerant barley species (cv.…”

“…Amino acid sequences of ProTs from barley (HvProT2; this study, HvProT1; Ueda et al 2001), rice (OsProT; Igarashi et al 2000), A. thaliana (AtProT1-3;Rentsch et al 1996;Grallath et al 2005), tomato (LeProT1-3;Schwacke et al 1999), sugar beet (BvBet/ProT1;Yamada et al 2009) and mangrove (AmBet/ProT1-3;…”

“…For the last decade, genes encoding transporters that mediate the uptake of GB and/or proline have been identiWed from several plant species, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana, AtProT1-3; Rentsch et al 1996;Grallath et al 2005), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, LeProT1; Schwacke et al 1999), rice (Oryza sativa, OsProT; Igarashi et al 2000), barley (Hordeum vulgare, HvProT; Ueda et al 2001), mangrove (Avicennia marina, AmBet/ProT1 and AmBet/ProT2; Waditee et al 2002) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, BvBet/ProT1; Yamada et al 2009). Transport assays using yeast or Escherichia coli mutant demonstrated that ProTs from Arabidopsis, tomato, mangrove and sugar beet showed GB transport activity.…”

“…In tomato, expression of LeProT1 was shown to be conWned to pollen and correlated with elevated proline levels (Schwacke et al 1999). With regard to ProTs from GB accumulators such as mangrove and sugar beet, it was demonstrated that expression levels of ProTs were increased under salt stress conditions (Waditee et al 2002;Yamada et al 2009). However, suggestive relationship between ProT and GB synthesis/ accumulation at plant levels is poorly understood, especially in GB-accumulating monocotyledonous plants.…”

Betaine removal during thermo- and mesophilic aerobic batch biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse: Influence of temperature and pH on the progress and efficiency of the process

“…Betaine accumulates in the cells of many plants, animals and bacteria as an osmoprotectant (Yamada et al, 2009), and enters the vinasse as a sugar beet component. In the beet molasses vinasse being studied the content of betaine equalled 37.6% of the organic pollution load expressed as TOC (total organic carbon).…”