Preferential Grazing by Molluscs of Plants Infected by Rust Fungi

Ramsell, J. N. E.; Paul, Nigel D.

doi:10.2307/3545421

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Examination of the frass from collected slugs determined that the slugs were feeding most commonly from the plant part on which they were seen during night-feeding periods. They tend to prefer healthy over rust infected leaves (Ramsell & Paul, 1990). Spermatia and ascospores were found in the frass of the three slug species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Early in the phenology of stroma production most P. andersoni and A. subfuscus were seen on unfertilised and immature stromata during the early morning feeding periods. Several Arion species prefer feeding on leaves infected with rust fungi over healthy leaves (Ramsell & Paul, 1990). The proportion of each species found on stromata declined when a greater proportion of stromata were in the mature stage of development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of slugs with the fungal pathogen Epichloë typhina (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae): potential role in stroma fertilisation and disease spread

Hoffman

Rao

2013

Annals of Applied Biology

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Epichloë spp. are endophytes of grasses, and form epiphytic external stromata on flowering tillers. E. typhina was first noticed infecting Dactylis glomerata (= orchardgrass, cocksfoot) stands in the Willamette Valley in 1996, and soon became the primary factor limiting the longevity of seed production fields. Several species of slugs are present in these fields, and we investigated their role in E. typhina biology. Pre-dawn surveys of D. glomerata fields in 2009 and 2010 found Prophysaon andersoni and Arion subfuscus slugs feeding on the fungal stromata. When unfertilised and fertilised immature stromata predominated, approximately 80% of the individuals of these two species that were seen on plants were found on the stromata. As the majority of stromata reached maturity the presence of these species on stromata declined to between 20-40%. The common agricultural slug pest, Deroceras reticulatum, was on stromata only 20% of the time early in the season, and declined to <5% at stromata maturity. Observations of frass from slugs determined that the most common constituent was the food sources upon which the slug species was usually found during these surveys. Typically 100% of the frass from P. andersoni and A. subfuscus contained stroma material, compared to 25% for D. reticulatum. Spermatia, and ascospores later in the season, were commonly seen in the frass of slugs that consumed stromata. Some slugs that had no stroma material in their frass appeared to have consumed spermatia and ascospores from the leaf surface. A multiple-choice laboratory test confirmed the different proportional preferences of P. andersoni and D. reticulatum for stroma (0.72 vs 0.20) and leaf (0.07 vs 0.38), respectively. Two laboratory multiple-choice tests, and a field survey, found that P. andersoni preferred unfertilised and immature stroma over mature stroma. D. reticulatum is the most common and abundant slug in Willamette Valley grass seed fields, yet it is the least likely to move spermatia between unfertilised stromata, or ascospores to uninfected plants. P. andersoni and A. subfuscus are mycophagous, frequently transport viable spermatia and ascospores in their frass; yet they are generally confined to field edges. Data and observations suggest the role of slugs in the epidemiology of E. typhina is small compared to other factors.Epichloë typhina (Pers.:Fr.) Tul. is the primary factor limiting the longevity of productive Dactylis glomerata

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of slugs with the fungal pathogen Epichloë typhina (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae): potential role in stroma fertilisation and disease spread

Hoffman

Rao

2013

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…This opportunistic behaviour allows D. hilbrandi to use a great amount of animal food, rich in essential nutrients and energy, which could not be obtained in any other way, since the slug cannot capture flying insects. In fact, food quality has enormous impact on growth, maturation rates, reproduction and longevity for some Deroceras species (Ramsell & Paul 1990;Rollo & Shibata 1991). Also, Pakarinen et al (1990) found that several species belonging to the genus Deroceras selected plant food according to the N and P content.…”

Section: Robbing Probability On Basal Leaves Was Inde-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnivorous Plant-Slug Interaction: A Trip from Herbivory to Kleptoparasitism

Zamora¹,

Gómez²

1996

The Journal of Animal Ecology

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“…These indirect interactions, termed ''tripartite,'' whereby herbivores and pathogens affect their shared cused on the observation that diseased plants were often more subject to herbivory (e.g., Leach et al 1963, Lewis 1979; others are reviewed in Hatcher [1995]). Systematic studies of such interactions during the 1980s led to detailed investigation of the underlying mechanisms (Ramsell andPaul 1990, de Nooij et al 1992), and possible parallels with pathogen-pathogen interactions (Hallett et al 1990). This research was partly driven by the possible application of tripartite interactions in weed biocontrol, the underlying hypothesis being that interactions between potential insect and pathogen biocontrol agents could produce a synergistic amount of damage on the host plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytohormones and Plant–herbivore–pathogen Interactions: Integrating the Molecular With the Ecological

Hatcher

Moore

Taylor

et al. 2004

Ecology

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Current research into indirect phytopathogen–herbivore interactions (i.e., interactions mediated by the host plant) is carried out in two largely independent directions: ecological/mechanistic and molecular. We investigate the origin of these approaches and their strengths and weaknesses. Ecological studies have determined the effect of herbivores and phytopathogens on their host plants and are often correlative: the need for long‐term manipulative experiments is pressing. Molecular/cellular studies have concentrated on the role of signaling pathways for systemic induced resistance, mainly involving salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and more recently the cross‐talk between these pathways. This cross‐talk demonstrates how interactions between signaling mechanisms and phytohormones could mediate plant–herbivore–pathogen interactions. A bridge between these approaches may be provided by field studies using chemical induction of defense, or investigating whole‐organism mechanisms of interactions among the three species. To determine the role of phytohormones in induced resistance in the field, researchers must combine ecological and molecular methods. We discuss how these methods can be integrated and present the concept of “kaleidoscopic defense.” Our recent molecular‐level investigations of interactions between the herbivore Gastrophysa viridula and the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis on Rumex obtusifolius, which were well studied at the mechanistic and ecological levels, illustrate the difficulty in combining these different approaches. We suggest that the choice of the right study system (possibly wild relatives of model species) is important, and that molecular studies must consider the environmental conditions under which experiments are performed. The generalization of molecular predictions to ecologically realistic settings will be facilitated by “middle‐ground studies” concentrating on the outcomes of the interactions.

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Preferential Grazing by Molluscs of Plants Infected by Rust Fungi

Cited by 35 publications

References 17 publications

Association of slugs with the fungal pathogen Epichloë typhina (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae): potential role in stroma fertilisation and disease spread

Association of slugs with the fungal pathogen Epichloë typhina (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae): potential role in stroma fertilisation and disease spread

Carnivorous Plant-Slug Interaction: A Trip from Herbivory to Kleptoparasitism

Phytohormones and Plant–herbivore–pathogen Interactions: Integrating the Molecular With the Ecological

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