Preferential Looking Acuity in Infants From Two to Fifty-Eight Weeks of Age

Gwiazda, Jane; Brill, Sarah; Mohindra, Indra; Held, Richard

doi:10.1097/00006324-198007000-00004

Cited by 94 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Our results are in agreement with previous findings that both resolution acuity and hyperacuity improve rapidly during infancy and early childhood2, 3, 5, 6, 14-17. Furthermore, the mathematical modeling provides us with quantitative description of the development course for visual function.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Course of Development of Global Hyperacuity Over Lifespan

Wang

Morale²,

Cousins

et al. 2009

Optometry and Vision Science

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Purpose Global visual integration is fundamental to shape and face recognition. While the maturation of local visual function, such as resolution acuity, has been well documented, less is known about the changes in global visual function during development and with aging. Methods Two hundred thirty-six normal subjects, ranging in age from 0.25 to 78 years old, participated the study. Global hyperacuity (detection threshold for radial deformation) was obtained from 300 eyes using either a computerized testing or a chart testing protocol and spatial forced choice (preferential-looking for < 2.6 yr old, pointing for young children, or verbal response for older children and adults). Resolution acuity was also measured. The developmental courses for global hyperacuity and resolution acuity were fit to a 3-segment curve to capture the initial rapid development, followed by a period of stable, adult-level visual function and, finally, the decline in visual function with aging. Results Curve fitting revealed that global hyperacuity was 0.25 logMAR at 0.25 yrs of age, and improved rapidly to -0.56 logMAR at 5.4 yrs of age but did not reach the mean adult level (-0.86 logMAR) until 21 yrs of age. Global hyperacuity started to deteriorate from 55 yrs of age at the rate of 0.035 logMAR per decade. In comparison, resolution acuity reached 0.0 logMAR at 5 yrs of age, and reached the adult level of -0.1 logMAR at 11 yrs of age. Resolution acuity also started to decrease from 55 yrs of age at the rate of 0.058 logMAR per decade. Conclusions Similar to vernier alignment acuity, global hyperacuity improves rapidly during infancy and early childhood but takes longer to reach the adult level than resolution acuity. The delayed maturation of global hyperacuity suggests that further development to refine neural circuitry at the cortical level takes place in the second decade of life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Course of Development of Global Hyperacuity Over Lifespan

Wang

Morale²,

Cousins

et al. 2009

Optometry and Vision Science

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“…This suggests that one cue for discriminating among faces of both ages is provided by differences in spectral power at low spatial frequencies. Considering the cut-off values reported for 4-month-old and 8-month-old infants estimated by Peterzell, Werner and Kaplan (1995) and Gwiazda, Brill, Mohindra and Held (1980), these cues should be equally available to the 3-month-old and the 9-month-old infants tested in the current study, who should be equally able to utilize the differences in spectral power at low spatial frequencies to discriminate among adult faces as well as among infant faces.…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross‐cultural phenomenon in infancy: a behavioral and near‐infrared spectroscopy study with Japanese infants

Kobayashi

Cassia

Kanazawa

et al. 2016

Developmental Science

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Recent data showed that, in Caucasian infants, perceptual narrowing occurs for own‐race adult faces between 3 and 9 months of age, possibly as a consequence of the extensive amount of social and perceptual experience accumulated with caregivers and/or other adult individuals of the same race of the caregiver. The neural correlates of this developmental process remain unexplored, and it is currently unknown whether perceptual tuning towards adult faces can be extended to other cultures. To this end, in the current study we tested the ability of 3‐ and 9‐month‐old Japanese infants to discriminate among adult and infant Asian faces in a visual familiarization task (Experiment 1), and compared 9‐month‐olds’ cerebral hemodynamic responses to adult and infant faces as measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Experiment 2). Results showed that 3‐month‐olds exhibit above‐chance discrimination of adult and infant faces, whereas 9‐month‐olds discriminate adult faces but not infant faces (Experiment 1). Moreover, adult faces, but not infant faces, induced significant increases in hemodynamic responses in the right temporal areas of 9‐month‐old infants. Overall, our data suggest that perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross‐cultural phenomenon occurring between 3 and 9 months of age, and translates by 9 months of age into a right‐hemispheric specialization in the processing of adult faces.

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“…Thus, it is tempting to suggest that functional modules go through a similar sequence of organization and are established by the fourth postnatal month. However, a great deal of synaptic molding and refinement of visual functions continue well into postnatal life, and adult levels of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are not reached until 3-4 years of age (Gwiazda et al, 1980;Huttenlocher et al, 1982;Boothe et al, 1985). Future studies may focus on a more closely timed sequence of puff development and modular organization during the critical prenatal and postnatal periods in human.…”

Section: Developmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytochrome oxidase in the human visual cortex: Distribution in the developing and the adult brain

et al. 1993

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Cytochrome-oxidase (CO) histochemistry has revealed important functional subdivisions, modules, and processing streams in the macaque visual cortex. The present study is aimed at analyzing the development and characteristics of CO patterns in the human visual cortex by means of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. At 26 weeks of gestation, both the ventricular and subventricular zones had low levels of CO, while the cortical plate had moderate levels of CO. At birth, supragranular CO-rich zones (puffs) were not clearly organized, indicating that the development of puffs in the neonatal striate cortex lags behind that of the macaque monkey, whose puffs appear weeks before birth. Puffs were more clearly discernible in human cortex at postnatal day 24, and became well organized by the fourth postnatal month. Layer IVc a in the neonate exhibited a higher level of activity and amount of CO than the central portion of IVc^, which contained a dense aggregate of small neurons. The base of IVc^, however, was often as CO reactive as IVc a . In contrast, the majority of specimens available to us from the fourth postnatal month and from adults with no known neurological diseases had significantly greater CO reactivity in layer IVc^ than in IVc a . Layer VI was moderately reactive for CO throughout development. In V2, stripes with globular zones of high CO activity were sporadically present at birth, suggesting that their development may parallel or precede that of puffs in VI. These stripes with CO-rich globular zones became more prominent in the adult and radiated orthogonally from the V1/V2 border. They were not, however, clearly organized into alternating thick and thin stripes as they are in the squirrel monkey. Visual cortical areas beyond V2 exhibited high CO activity mainly in layers III and IV and moderate levels in VI, suggesting that sites associated with cortico-cortical pathways may be metabolically most active.

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Preferential Looking Acuity in Infants From Two to Fifty-Eight Weeks of Age

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

Course of Development of Global Hyperacuity Over Lifespan

Course of Development of Global Hyperacuity Over Lifespan

Perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross‐cultural phenomenon in infancy: a behavioral and near‐infrared spectroscopy study with Japanese infants

Cytochrome oxidase in the human visual cortex: Distribution in the developing and the adult brain

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