Pregnancy outcome following maternal organic solvent exposure: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

McMartin, Kristen; Chu, Merry; Kopecky, Ernest A.; Einarson, Thomas R.; Koren, Gideon

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199809)34:3<288::aid-ajim12>3.0.co;2-q

Cited by 105 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In 2000, anencephaly had a reported rate of 9.40 per 100,000 live births in the United States, [Mathews, 2002]. Of interest, McMartin et al [1998] produced similar findings (i.e., the same malformations with approximately the same odds ratios) in women exposed to organic solvents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Paternal organic solvent exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis

et al. 2004

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Background Organic solvents are widely used, but conflicting reports exist concerning paternal exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the risks of spontaneous abortions (SAs) and major malformations (MMs) after paternal exposure to organic solvents. Methods Medline, Toxline, Reprotox, and Embase from 1966 to 2003 were searched. Two independent reviewers searched for cohort and case-control studies in any language on adult human males exposed chronically to any organic solvent. Two non-blinded independent extractors used a standardized form for data extraction; disagreements were resolved through consensus discussion. Results Forty-seven studies were identified; 32 exclusions left 14 useable studies. Overall random effects odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI 95% ) were 1. KEY WORDS: paternal exposure; organic solvent; adverse pregnancy outcome; spontaneous abortion; major malformations; meta-analysis INTRODUCTIONOrganic solvents are volatile liquids that belong to a structurally diverse group of chemicals having a low molecular weight and dissolve other organic substances such as lipids and high molecular weight compounds. Presently, they are being widely used in both the work and home environment. Usually, incidental exposure can take place around the house, while extensive exposure mostly occurs in the workplace. The use of organic solvents is widespread; they are utilized in a variety of occupations such as painting, dry-cleaning, printing, and various jobs within the chemical industry. Thus, many employees are exposed extensively to organic solvents.Substantial research has been done into the relationship between maternal exposure to organic solvents and spontaneous abortion (SA) or other adverse pregnancy outcomes such as major malformations (MMs). These compounds have been shown to increase the risk of MMs significantly (ORs ¼ 1.64, CI 95% : 1.16-2.30, N ¼ 7,036) [McMartin et al., 1998].Several studies have indicated that paternal exposure to organic solvents may be associated with an increased risk of ß 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [Taskinen et al., 1989;Brender and Suarez, 1990;Blatter and Roeleveld, 1996; Blatter et al., 1997;Irgens et al., 2000]. Results of individual studies differ considerably [Daniell and Vaughan, 1988;Taskinen et al., 1989;Lindbohm et al., 1991] and the actual risk remains uncertain.One possible mechanism associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes due to paternal exposure to organic solvents is a direct effect on sperm DNA, producing mutations or chromosomal abnormalities. Alternately, there could be indirect effects by transmission of agents to the mother via the seminal fluid, and maternal exposure to agents brought home by the father [Olshan et al., 1991].Organic solvents are comprised of many different chemical compounds or classes of compounds. Because exposure usually involves more than one chemical class or agent and may occur under a wide variety of circumstances, human epidemiologic studies must be interpreted with care. However, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…These compounds have been shown to increase the risk of MMs significantly (ORs ¼ 1.64, CI 95% : 1. 16-2.30, N ¼ 7,036) [McMartin et al, 1998]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal organic solvent exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis

et al. 2004

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“…To our knowledge, this is the first study where the risk of congenital malformations in relation to occupational painting has been investigated by a register-based approach. Some previous studies have focused on maternal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and have shown an increased risk of congenital anomalies among the children (19)(20)(21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Risk of congenital malformations among children of construction painters in Denmark: a nationwide cohort study

Tougaard¹,

Bonde

Hougaard

et al. 2014

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Risk of congenital malformations among children of construction painters in Denmark: a nationwide cohort study by Tougaard NH, Bonde JP, Hougaard SK, Jørgensen KT This is the first register-based study investigating the risk of congenital malformations in relation to parental occupational painting. This cohort study included 3,444 children born to female construction painters, and we found that they were not at higher risk of malformations than other children. The data were thoroughly investigated through several supplementary analyses and the results are reassuring. Affiliation 175Original article Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(2):175-183. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3472 Risk of congenital malformations among children of construction painters in Denmark: a nationwide cohort study Objectives Painters' occupational exposure is classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Previous studies have shown increased risk of congenital malformations among children of women exposed to organic solvents and paint emissions during pregnancy. In Denmark, women comprise half of those enrolled in vocational paint training. We investigated the association between maternal and paternal occupational painting, respectively, and the risk of congenital malformations among children.Methods National register data were used to link childbirths, malformations, and parental occupation. The cohort included >1 300 000 children born to occupationally active women in Denmark 1980-2010. Cases were hospital-diagnosed with malformations within the first year of life. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using multiple logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders.Results Among 3444 children of female construction painters, we found no increased risk of malformations overall (126 cases, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74-1.05) or in organ-specific subgroups compared to children of women in all other occupations (55 045 cases). Sensitivity analyses restricted to severe malformations, children of maternal painters with ≥2 years of pre-pregnancy exposure, and firstborn children, and analyses with maternal healthcare assistants and kitchen workers as reference supported the main results. Also, no associations were found when including diagnoses within the first 10 years of life, when stratifying by maternal age, birth year, and sex, or for paternal construction painters. ConclusionsThis nationwide cohort study is reassuring with no indications of increased risk of congenital malformations among children of male or of female construction painters.

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“…For example, maternal exposure to organic solvents has been associated with spontaneous abortion in several studies (Pastides et al, 1988;Taskinen et al, 1989;Lindbohm et al, 1990;Lipscomb et al, 1991;Windham et al, 1991;Schenker et al, 1995). However, a meta-analysis of five of these studies resulted in a non-significant odds ratio (McMartin et al, 1998). Two recently published prospective pregnancy studies reported an increased risk of pregnancy loss associated with serum levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE).…”

Section: Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl2 and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl2 to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.39th Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (SRF for ROCS); Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams [KZCX2-YW-T08

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Pregnancy outcome following maternal organic solvent exposure: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

Cited by 105 publications

References 26 publications

Paternal organic solvent exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis

Paternal organic solvent exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis

Risk of congenital malformations among children of construction painters in Denmark: a nationwide cohort study

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

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