Pregnancy Weight Retention in Morbid Obesity

Hunt, Steven C.; Daines, Maria Matthews; Adams, TedD.; Heath, EdwardM.; Williams, Roger R.

doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00129.x

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These results are in line with previous studies that have focused on weight retention after pregnancy. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]46 Moreover, this study is the longest to show an effect on weight gain longitudinally. Ronney and Schauberger 47 have shown similar results on weight development up to 10 y after delivery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Studies report mean weight gains of between 0.4 and 3.8 kg as a result of pregnancy. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] However, patients eventually referred to our obesity unit have reported average weight gains in the region of 10 kg, also for subsequent pregnancies, and viewed this weight gain as an important cause of their obesity. 12 Previous studies have found several factors that could be involved in the course of weight development after pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Weight development over time in parous women—The SPAWN study—15 years follow-up

et al. 2003

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BACKGROUND: Weight gain is common after pregnancy. Most studies suggest that weight gain associated with a pregnancy is between 0.5 and 3.8 kg up to 2.5 y of follow-up. However, 73% of the female patients at our obesity clinic identified pregnancy as an important trigger for marked weight retention. The majority retained more than 10 kg after each pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine long-term weight development after pregnancy in a 15 y follow-up of women who took part in the Stockholm Pregnancy And Women's Nutrition (SPAWN) study. METHOD AND SUBJECTS:The SPAWN study is a long-term follow-up study of women who delivered children in 1984-85 in Stockholm (n ¼ 2342). A total of 1423 participants (response rate ¼ 61%) completed questionnaires, which covered eating behaviour and exercise, demographic information including social situation and status and details of the pregnancy before, during and up to 1 y after pregnancy. After 15 y, these women were invited to take part in the follow-up study. Anthropometric measurements and the same questionnaire data were collected from the 563 women who participated (response rate ¼ 40%). The sample was divided into two main groups: those who were normal weight before pregnancy and remained normal weight, and those who were normal weight before pregnancy and had become overweight at 15 y follow-up. RESULTS: Those women who became overweight had a higher pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) (22.371.5 vs 20.571.6 kg/m 2 , Po0.001), gained more weight during pregnancy (16.374.3 vs 13.673.7 kg, Po0.001) and had retained more at 1 y follow-up. The women who became overweight had a steeper weight trajectory gaining more from 1 y follow-up to 15 y follow-up (11.176.5 vs 4.576.5 kg, Po0.001), with a higher BMI at 15 y follow-up of 27.572.6 vs 22.572.3 5 kg/m 2 (Po0.001). However, differences between those who became overweight and those who did not could not be explained by age, number of children and various socioeconomic factors. Features of pregnancy that did differ between the two groups were breastfeeding and smoking cessation. However, women who became overweight had lower lactation scores than women who remained normal weight. Relatively more subjects of the group that became overweight stopped smoking during pregnancy. DISCUSSION: Pregnancy is a vulnerability factor for some women to become overweight. This study attempted to identify those factors that place initially normal weight women on a steeper weight trajectory as a result of pregnancy. Demographic, behavioural, physical and psychological characteristics only partly explain the weight gain observed at 15 y follow-up. Further research is required to investigate the relative role of these characteristics in predicting postpregnancy weight development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight development over time in parous women—The SPAWN study—15 years follow-up

et al. 2003

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“…For example, 73% of the severely obese women in the Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study had retained more than 10 kg in connection with a pregnancy (Rössner & Ö hlin, 1995). Excess weight gain in the first pregnancy in particular has been associated with the development of obesity (Hunt et al, 1995).…”

Section: Change In Mns During Pregnancy In Affluent Societiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between reproduction and maternal body weight: examining the component parts of a full reproductive cycle

2003

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Objective: Many transitional societies currently face both extremes of nutritional status, undernutrition and overnutrition. Women of reproductive age are at high risk of these conditions. The purpose of this review is to consider evidence for relationships between reproduction and nutritional status in women from societies of varying economic development, using body weight or weight-for-height as indicators of maternal nutritional status. Design: The conceptual framework guiding this review is that the duration of the reproductive cycle varies as a function of its component parts, which include (i) pregnancy, (ii) lactation, (iii) the non-pregnant=non-lactating (NP=NL) interval or, possibly, (iv) an overlap between lactation and next pregnancy. All component parts of the complete cycle vary in length and are associated with changes in nutritional status. A variety of factors ('proximal and distal determinants') influence the duration of the component parts of the reproductive cycle. This framework is used to examine current knowledge of changes in maternal nutritional status during each of these parts. Results: Women in affluent societies retain some weight with each pregnancy, beyond that of non-pregnant women. Women in less affluent societies retain less weight with each pregnancy. During lactation, women in both affluent and less affluent societies experience only modest weight loss. During the NP=NL interval, women in affluent societies tend to gain weight, whereas weight of women in less affluent societies is likely to fluctuate. Conclusions: We conclude that there is a dearth of information on certain parts of the cycle, particularly the periods of overlap of lactation with pregnancy and the NP=NL interval.

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“…The impact of pregnancy on weight gain is particularly important in the light of research indicating that many obese women state that their excessive weight was initiated by pregnancy 9 and that women who have developed morbid obesity following pregnancy had gained 4 kg more than controls at six weeks postpartum. 10 As possible explanations of the variation in weight gain during pregnancy, research has assessed the role of changes in food intake. In particular, given the contemporary focus on desires to be thin in the western world, such research has assessed the relationship between pregnancy and aspects of weight within the context of psychological factors relating to weight concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

Clark

Ogden²

1999

Int J Obes

107

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BACKGROUND: Excessive weight gain in pregnancy and retention of this weight gain is a well known problem. How women with a history of dietary restraint adjust to being pregnant, is of interest, as pregnancy epitomises many of the factors known to trigger overeating. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and weight concern and the role of dietary restraint in mediating any changes. METHODS: Primigravid (n 50) and non-pregnant nulliparous (n 50) women completed a questionnaire to describe their pro®le characteristics, current health behaviours, eating behaviour and weight concern. The pregnant women completed additional retrospective items relating to these factors for the period prior to their pregnancy. RESULTS: The pregnant women reported eating more, showed lower levels of dietary restraint, were less dissatis®ed with their body shape and showed higher eating self ef®cacy than non-pregnant women. Compared to the months prior to their pregnancy, the pregnant women rated themselves as less restrained in their eating behaviour and nearly half stated that they were eating more. In terms of the impact of pre pregnancy levels of dietary restraint, the results showed a signi®cant interaction between restrained eating and pregnancy for both hunger and eating self ef®cacy. The results showed that the restrained eaters, when pregnant, rated themselves as signi®cantly less hungry and reported less dif®culty controlling their food intake than the non pregnant restrained eaters but showed comparable hunger and eating control to the other groups. The results showed no effect of restrained eating on weight change. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that pregnancy both legitimises increased food intake and removes any previous intentions to eat less.

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Pregnancy Weight Retention in Morbid Obesity

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Weight development over time in parous women—The SPAWN study—15 years follow-up

Weight development over time in parous women—The SPAWN study—15 years follow-up

Associations between reproduction and maternal body weight: examining the component parts of a full reproductive cycle

The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

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