Prehistoric copper from the Eastern Alps

Abstract

The rich copper ore deposits in the Eastern Alps have long been considered as important sources for copper in prehistoric Central Europe. It is, however, not so clear which role each deposit played. To evaluate the amount of prehistoric copper production of the various mining regions it was attempted to link prehistoric metal artefacts with copper ores based on the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits that have been exploited in ancient times. More than 120 ore samples from the well known mining districts Mitterberg, Viehhofen, Kitzbühel and Schwaz/Brixlegg have been analysed so far (lead isotope ratios, trace elements). Furthermore, about 730 archaeological copper/bronze artifacts were investigated and analysed. These results were combined with analytical data generated by previous archaeometallurgical projects in order to compile a substantial database for comparative studies. In the Early Bronze Age, most metal artifacts were made of copper or bronze with fahlore impurity patterns and most finds from this period match excellently the fahlore deposits in Schwaz and Brixlegg. At the end of the Early Bronze Age, a new variety of copper with lower concentrations of impurities appeared. The impurity patterns of these finds match the ores from the Mitterberg district. In the Middle Bronze Age, this variety of copper Dominated while in the Late Bronze Age fahlores from Schwaz and Brixlegg experienced a comeback. The reason for this may be a decline of the chalcopyrite mines or a rising demand for copper which could not be covered by the chalcopyrite mines alone. The finds of the Early Iron Age are of similar composition and continue the traditions of the Late Bronze Age.

Middle Bronze Age land use practices in the northwestern Alpine foreland – a multi-proxy study of colluvial deposits, archaeological features and peat bogs

“…The taxonomic and taphonomic analysis of bone material was carried out in the zooarchaeological comparative collection of the University of Tübingen. The faunal age was assessed and classified according to Lyman (1994). The taphonomic analysis comprised natural and anthropogenic impacts on the bones such as burning, animal bites, human cutmarks and traces of natural environmental influences as root etching, changes due to sunlight or weathering.…”

Lead and Antimony in Basal Ice From Col du Dome (French Alps) Dated With Radiocarbon: A Record of Pollution During Antiquity

“…Since these increases in Pb and Sb concentrations are accompanied by enhancements of the corresponding EF values (Figure S3), we cannot conclude that visible soil particles present in the basal ice are the cause of these increases. FLEXPART simulations (Figure ) suggest that the CDD record was highly sensitive to emissions from Bronze Age mining and smelting operations in Austria (Lutz & Pernicka, ). However, further studies from European glaciers and peat bogs, covering the entire Bronze Age, are here needed to confirm this finding.…”

The Earliest Balance Weights in the West: Towards an Independent Metrology for Bronze Age Europe

“…Recently, provenance studies of raw materials, in particular metals, have raised the question of a continent-wide network of commodity exchange (e.g. Ling et al 2014; Lutz & Pernicka 2013). A striking contrast existed between the distribution of sources and products: the former were rare, concentrated and unevenly distributed, the latter nearly ubiquitous.…”