Preimplantation development of the mammalian embryo and its regulation by growth factors

Stewart, Colin L.; Cullinan, Emily B.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1997)21:1<91::aid-dvg11>3.0.co;2-d

Cited by 130 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Blastocyst development depends on maternal growth factors, which stimulate blastocyst growth and maintain the pluripotent state of the inner cell mass. These factors are transcytosed through the trophectoderm (41). At the day 3.5 to 4.5 of mouse development, blastocysts hatch out of the zona pellucida.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Embryonic Death of Mice Deficient in γ-Adaptin

Zizioli¹,

Meyer²,

Guhde³

et al. 1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

132

125

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Intracellular protein transport and sorting by vesicles in the secretory and endocytic pathways requires the formation of a protein coat on the membrane. The heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) promotes the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles at the trans-Golgi network. AP-1 interacts with various sorting signals in the cytoplasmic tails of cargo molecules, thus indicating a function in protein sorting. We generated mutants of the ␥-adaptin subunit of AP-1 in mice to investigate its role in post-Golgi vesicle transport and sorting processes. ␥-Adaptin-deficient embryos develop until day 3.5 post coitus and die during the prenidation period, revealing that AP-1 is essential for viability. In heterozygous mice the amount of AP-1 complexes is reduced to half of controls. Free ␤1-or 1 chains were not detectable, indicating that they are unstable unless they are part of AP-1 complexes. Heterozygous mice weigh less then their wild-type littermates and show impaired T cell development.At several sites along the secretory and the endocytic routes the transport of membrane proteins and luminal cargo depends on the formation of carrier vesicles. The formation of these transport vesicles is facilitated by coat proteins. Budding from the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes involves the heptameric COP-I and COP-II complexes. Budding from the trans-Golgi network (TGN), 1 the plasma membrane, and also probably from membranes of the endosomal/lysosomal system involves heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes of which three types are known at present and which show homology to the COP-I subunits (1-3).AP-1 and AP-2 have been implicated in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles at the TGN and the plasma membrane, respectively, but may participate also in vesicle formation at other sites (3-5). AP-3-mediated vesicle formation may take place at the TGN and/or endosomes (6 -8).Although most of our knowledge on AP function is derived from studies on their subcellular localization and interaction with membranes or cytoplasmic domains of membrane proteins, little is based on in vivo functional studies or genetic approaches. Deletion of genes of AP subunits in yeast did not reveal the function of AP-1 and AP-2 but was informative in the case of AP-3. Mutations of the four AP-1 and AP-2 subunits did not result in a mutant phenotype and only the combination of AP-1 mutations with a temperature-sensitive clathrin heavychain mutation enhanced the reduced growth rate observed in the clathrin heavy-chain mutant (9 -11). 2 No biochemical data for cargo-AP-1 interactions are available in the yeast system. The AP-3 is needed for an alternative pathway from the TGN to the vacuole, which is utilized by the vacuolar alkaline phosphatase and the vacuolar t-SNARE Vam3p and does not depend on clathrin (12). In Drosophila melanogaster AP-3 is involved in the formation of pigment granules, as indicated by garnet, an eye color mutant caused by mutations in one of the AP-3 subunits (8, 13). Further support for a role of AP-...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Embryonic Death of Mice Deficient in γ-Adaptin

Zizioli¹,

Meyer²,

Guhde³

et al. 1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

132

125

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“…Some years ago it was noticed that embryos in culture do better in a small drop of culture medium compared to a large drop, suggesting that embryos could condition their own medium (Wiley et al, 1986). Accumulated evidence suggests that preimplantation embryos produce autocrine growth factors and express appropriate receptors that would account for this autonomy of the embryos (reviewed by Adamson, 1993a;Stewart and Cullinan, 1997). Nevertheless, the development of the preimplantation embryos in vitro occurs more slowly and less successfully compared to the development in the uterus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have focused on testing if growth factors are necessary components in early embryonic development in vitro. Among these growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to stimulate both cellular proliferation and differentiation (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997). However, very few studies on the effect of EGF during preimplantation development of embryos of species other than mouse are reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of epidermal growth factor on preimplantation development and its receptor expression in porcine embryos*

Wei

Park

Day

et al. 2001

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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The present study aimed to determine the influence of exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) on in vitro preimplantation porcine embryo development and its mRNA expression for EGF receptor (EGFR). Oocytes were aspirated from abattoir ovaries, selected and cultured in defined, protein-free media for 44 hr before in vitro fertilization (IVF). Thirtysix hours after IVF, two-cell stage embryos were selected and treated or cultured until embryo treatment. In experiment 1, compact morulae were selected on day 4 after IVF and randomly allocated into 5 groups: NCSU 23 with PVA as group 1; NCSU 23 with PVA and 0.1 ng/ml, 1.0 ng/ml, 10.0 ng/ml EGF as group 2, 3, 4, respectively; NSCU 23 with 0.4% BSA as group 5. In experiment 2, treatment groups were the same as in experiment 1 except that 0.1% crystallized BSA was added to both washing media and all treatment groups instead of PVA. In experiments 3 and 4, two-cell stage embryos were treated and cultured in the same experimental design as experiments 1 and 2, respectively. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of EGF receptor in compact morulae and blastocysts. The PCR products were subjected to direct DNA sequencing. There was no significant improvement in the development rate of embryos from compact morulae to blastocysts in the presence of various EGF concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 ng/ml) versus without EGF addition. They were all significantly lower than those embryos cultured in the continuous presence of 0.4% BSA. However, when a reduced concentration (0.1%) of crystallized BSA was added to all the treatment groups, a significantly lower rate of embryo development was observed in control media (NCSU23 with 0.1% crystallized BSA) compared with those developed in culture media with 0.4% BSA. With the addition of EGF at 10 ng/ml (with 0.1% BSA), embryo development rates were significantly improved over the control group (P`0.05) and were as good as those rates in 0.4% BSA culture group. When embryos were selected and treated from the 2-cell stage, they did not develop to blastocyst stages after five more days' culture without any protein (BSA) or growth factor addition. When 0.1% BSA was included in the media, blastocyst formation rates were significantly improved by EGF addition at the concentration of both 1.0 or 10 ng/ml (P`0.05) as compared to 0.0 or 0.1 ng/ml. EGFR mRNA was detected in both compact morulae and blastocyst stages of porcine embryos and confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Our results indicate that IVM±IVF porcine embryo developmental rates could be improved by the addition of EGF in the culture media with the presence of a reduced amount of defined BSA (b97% albumin). However, EGF alone was not able to elicit any stimulatory effects on embryo development in the absence of protein supplementation. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential synergistic factors in embryo culture media to eventually define the porcine embryo culture media. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 457±462,

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“…A variety of cytokines and growth factors have been proposed to regulate implantation (6), and to date, only leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been shown to be essential at initiating the process in mice (7). LIF, a member of the Il-6 family of secreted cytokines, is expressed in the endometrial glands just before the onset of implantation and is secreted into the uterine lumen (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dual control of LIF expression and LIF receptor function regulate Stat3 activation at the onset of uterine receptivity and embryo implantation

Cheng

Chen

Hernandez

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

231

195

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression in the uterus is essential for embryo implantation in mice. Here we describe the spatial and temporal regulation of LIF signaling in vivo by using tissues isolated from uteri on different days over the implantation period. During this time, LIF receptors are expressed predominantly in the luminal epithelium (LE) of the uterus. Isolated epithelium responds to LIF by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3, but not by an increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase levels. The related cytokines Il-6, ciliary neurotrophic factor, as well as epidermal growth factor, do not activate Stat3, although epidermal growth factor stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase. In vivo Stat3 activation is induced by LIF alone, resulting in the localization of Stat3 specifically to the nuclei of the LE coinciding with the onset of uterine receptivity. The responsiveness of the LE to LIF is regulated temporally, with Stat activation being restricted to day 4 of pregnancy despite the presence of constant levels of LIF receptor throughout the preimplantation period. Uterine receptivity is therefore under dual control and is regulated by both the onset of LIF expression in the endometrial glands and the release from inhibition of receptor function in the LE.

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Preimplantation development of the mammalian embryo and its regulation by growth factors

Cited by 130 publications

References 120 publications

Early Embryonic Death of Mice Deficient in γ-Adaptin

Early Embryonic Death of Mice Deficient in γ-Adaptin

Effect of epidermal growth factor on preimplantation development and its receptor expression in porcine embryos*

Dual control of LIF expression and LIF receptor function regulate Stat3 activation at the onset of uterine receptivity and embryo implantation

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