Prejudice Concerns and Race-Based Attentional Bias

Bean, Meghan G.; Slaten, Daniel G.; Horton, William S.; Murphy, Mary C.; Todd, Andrew R.; Richeson, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1177/1948550612436983

Cited by 34 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although past research related to more general processing of ingroup and outgroup faces has demonstrated an attentional preference for Black over White faces in the early stages (Amodio et al, 2003;Bean et al, 2012;Trawalter et al, 2008), the present research concentrated on the extent to which participants focused on specific features when faces were presented for a more extended period of time. Even though this emphasis does not permit investigators to determine the specific psychological processes over time or to detect initial vigilance responses to threatening outgroup faces, it does allow them to better understand the importance of attentional patterns toward the face regions of ingroup and outgroup targets during person perception.…”

Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Members 48mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This decision to focus on a more extended period of time, however, has important implications for our ability to infer the timeline of specific early attentional vigilance or avoidance processes related to outgroups Although it is possible that if we restricted our focus to processes during a very short timeframe, we could find results indicative of an attentional preference for outgroups (Amodio et al, 2003;Bean et al, 2012;, we are not convinced that this would necessarily be the case. Rather, because our interest is specifically on attention to the eye region, and because eye gaze may reflect a desire to better know or connect with the target person (Baron-Cohen et al, 1997;Mason et al, 2005), even early visual stages may show an avoidance of rather than preference for outgroup eyes.…”

Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Members 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to prevent participants from habituating to the specific screen location of the stimuli across trials, the vertical position of the two faces varied both across and within trials such that any given face (left face, right face) was equally likely to be presented toward the top, middle, or bottom of the screen (Bean et al, 2012;Blais et al, 2008).…”

Section: Participants and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By including two sets of distinct target groups, this strategy allowed us to investigate more general processes related to intergroup face perception and a preference for ingroup over outgroup eyes. We expected that White participants would attend more to the eyes of White and experimentally created ingroup faces than Black and outgroup faces.Notably, whereas previous social psychological research on whole face processing related to ingroups and outgroups has investigated the time course of general vigilance-and avoidance-based visual patterns (Amodio et al, 2003;Bean et al, 2012;, previous cognitive studies on processing of specific facial features has tended to examine visual preference over a more extended period of time (Goldinger et al, 2009;Nakabayashi et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2012). Although the former work has provided us with important information about the trajectory of distinct psychological processes related to social categories and about early automatic attentional biases toward outgroup members, because the present research focused on preferential attention to the eyes, we chose to analyze gaze patterns to ingroup and outgroup faces over a more extended period of time.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

Kawakami¹,

Williams²,

Sidhu³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

138

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Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas Studies 1 and 3 demonstrated that White participants attended more to the eyes of White compared to Black targets, Study 2 showed a similar pattern of attention to the eyes of novel ingroup and outgroup faces. Studies 3 and 4 also provided new evidence that eye gaze is flexible and can be meaningfully influenced by current motivations. Specifically, instructions to individuate specific social categories increased attention to the eyes of target group members. Furthermore, the latter experiments demonstrated that preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members predicted important intergroup biases such as recognition of ingroup over outgroup faces (i.e., the Own Race Bias; Study 3) and willingness to interact with outgroup members (Study 4). The implication of these findings for general theorizing on face perception, individuation processes, and intergroup relations are discussed.Keywords: intergroup bias, social categorization, individuation, prejudice, Own Race Bias, face perception, social vision PREFERENTIAL ATTENTION TO THE EYES OF INGROUP MEMBERS 3An Eye for the I: Preferential Attention to the Eyes of Ingroup MembersThe human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it is such a rich source of information. Faces, and more specifically the eyes, play crucial roles in social and nonverbal communication, signaling valuable information about others (Adams & Kleck, 2003Niedenthal, Mermillod, Maringer, & Hess, 2010). Despite the key role that the eyes play in social cognition, few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivation on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Although research has convincingly demonstrated that perceivers are better at understanding and extracting information from faces that belong to ingroups relative to outgroups (Adams, Franklin, Nelson, & Stevenson, 2010;Chiao et al., 2008;, it remains unclear how people process faces from their own and other categories and whether distinct patterns of attention to specific facial features exist for these groups.The current research seeks to address this gap directly. To this end, we first provide a general review of the literature regarding the central role of the eyes in social perception, and in particular, their role when perceiving ingroup and outgroup members. Then we move to a discussion regarding the impact of motivation on eye gaze and the relationship between eye gaze, and two important intergroup biases: the Own Race Bias (Hugenberg, Young, Bernstein, & Sacco, 2010;Meissner & Brigham, 2001;Sporer, 2001) and a willing...

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Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Members 48mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preferential Attention To the Eyes Of Ingroup Members 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participants and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

Kawakami¹,

Williams²,

Sidhu³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Beyond stereotypes: The complexity of attention to racial out‐group faces

Guillermo

Correll

2020

J Theo Soc Psychol

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The current paper seeks to integrate social and cognitive psychological literature to provide a multifaceted understanding of attention to race. Social psychological studies show that participants demonstrate attentional bias to racial out‐group versus in‐group faces. Most of this research utilizes White participants and examines the attentional bias to Black faces, concluding that threat stereotypes or negative racial attitudes underlie attentional bias. However, visual processing research demonstrates that various stimulus‐ and perceiver‐driven processes impact attention, suggesting that mechanisms other than racial stereotypes may underlie race‐based attention. We propose a framework of attention that accounts not only for direct influences of the stimulus and perceiver but also perceiver‐stimulus interactions that emerge iteratively over time. We apply this framework to existing research on attention to race, elucidating various processes that can explain the attention to racial out‐groups. We propose that our framework can account for attention to race more generally, beyond the oft‐used Black versus White paradigm. We argue that mechanisms underlying attentional bias to race encompass complex factors beyond stereotypes and that our framework can account for stimulus, perceiver, and iterative processes that impact attention to race.

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Racial Essentialism and Stress: A Deadly Combination for Prospective Police Officers’ Encounters with Black Suspects

Tawa

2022

Race Soc Probl

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Previous research based on documented incidents of police uses of lethal force and experimental studies using computer sorting programs have demonstrated that incorrect lethal force decisions tend to occur more frequently with Black relative to White suspects. Using virtual reality, the current study examined the psychophysiology underlying incorrect lethal force decision with Black suspects, and the interactive impact of racial essentialism. Forty-nine White criminal justice majors viewed 360 degree videos of high-pressure suspect interactions in VR, from the perspective of the police officer. A virtual police-issued handgun was used to make and record decisions to shoot; incorrect uses of lethal force were operationalized using signal detection theory. Physiological stress (i.e., variance in pupil dilation) and visual attention were measured with embedded eye tracking in the VR. As predicted, physiological stress led to more incorrect uses of lethal force with Black suspects through fixated visual attention, but only among those who scored high on a racial essentialism survey measure. Findings converge with more recent studies supporting the potent interactive role between cognition (e.g., racial essentialism) and affect (i.e., stress) on lethal force decisions with Black suspects. These studies point to the continued role of psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral interventions in informing police training interventions aimed at mitigating incorrect uses of lethal force with Black men and women.

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Prejudice Concerns and Race-Based Attentional Bias

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

Beyond stereotypes: The complexity of attention to racial out‐group faces

Racial Essentialism and Stress: A Deadly Combination for Prospective Police Officers’ Encounters with Black Suspects

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