Preliminary characterization of nanoHA-Bubuk Wangi rice starch tissue scaffold

The State of Starch/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold in Bone Tissue Engineering with Consideration for Dielectric Measurement as an Alternative Characterization Technique

“…Although the experimental setup was generally similar between the work done by Mohd-Riza et al [ 72 ], Hori et al [ 73 ], and Mohd-Nasir et al [ 74 ], the different botanical origins of starch resulted in different pore sizes, as revealed from their respective SEM images. The scaffolds fabricated using starch from “Balik Wangi” rice, “Ubi Gadong”, and brown rice had a pore size in the range of 10–400 , 80–600 and 138–1010 respectively.…”

“…Several starches from different botanical origins were used in the scaffold fabrication, in which NaCl was used as the porogen [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. In these studies, a scaffold that possessed high porosity and high water uptake abilities could be achieved by increasing the starch concentration to a certain level.…”

“…Studies by Razali et al [ 22 ], Beh et al [ 103 ], Roslan et al [ 72 ] and Mohd Nasir et al [ 74 ] involved the measurement of dielectric constant (ε ′ ) and dielectric loss (ε ″ ) of the starch/HA bone tissue scaffolds by using transmission line method at frequencies that ranged from 12.4 GHz to 18 GHz [ 55 , 104 ]. Here, the dielectric spectroscopy measurement applies to any porous composite scaffolds as the porous architecture could be quantified by respective ε′ and ε″ value.…”

Lumped-Element Circuit Modeling for Composite Scaffold with Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Wangi Rice Starch

“…This led to the polarization and the energy dissipation mechanisms of the composites [ 27 ]. The peak of ε′ in Figure 1 a corresponds to a dielectric relaxation peak of ε″ in Figure 1 b [ 28 ]. In Figure 1 a,b, it can be observed that for ε′ and ε″, composite scaffold with compositions A and C increased from 8 GHz to 11 GHz, and decreased when the frequency was >11 GHz.…”

“…After the drying process, the composites detached from the mold were soaked in 25% glutaraldehyde (GA) for 5 h (cross-linking) [ 17 ]. The immersion process in distilled water and ethanol was then continued for 24 h and 12 h, respectively.…”